穿跑鞋的公主
古代英文 现代英文歌名:Deo gracias by 末知 15th 世纪英国 Adam lay ibounden [Adam’s (Man’s) sin enchained him] Bounden in a bond Foure thousand winter [4000 years, the accepted time… Thought he not too long …from creation to Jesus’ birth] And all was for an apple An apple that he tok As clerkes finden [as scribes have recorded… Wreten in here book …in Holy Scripture] Ne hadde the apple take ben [If the apple hadn’t The apple take ben …been taken, Ne hadde never our lady …then Mary would never have A ben hevene queen …become Heaven’s Queen] Blissed be the time [Blessed be then That apple take was …that apple’s theft] Therefore we moun singen [therefore we must sing: "Deo gracias!" “thanks be to God!”] Adam = 亚当(和夏娃,人类的始祖)上帝禁止他们吃知Eden园子里善恶树的果子,〉。。就是人类原始罪的故事Deo gracias! 是古拉丁语Mary = 督教圣母玛利亚 其实这首诗是赞成基督教神母Virgin Mary的list of old english words: 试听: the following letters are recognisably the same as modern letters: a b c h i l m n o p u x y The following have shapes which are slightly different to modern usage but most are the same as Ancient Irish letters: d e f g t The following letters have completely different shapes from the modern equivalent: r s w s is represented by a letter like a modern r but with a long descending vertical stroke, like the one on a p.r is similar to s but with the curved section replaced by a pointed top like an inverted vw looks very similar to a p but is narrower and the curved part descends at 45° to meet the descending stroke.The three letters þ, ð, and æ are all additional to the modern alphabet.Ancient manuscripts sometimes put accents on some of the letters, but it is not clear what they signified. They were not indications of long and short vowels and do not appear to have affected the pronunciation in any way.PronunciationThere is no single definitive set of rules for how Anglo-Saxon was pronounced. Firstly, pronunciation would have varied across England, as it does at the moment. Secondly, scholars are not completely decided on the exact pronunciation anyway. The following rules give a rough guideline.VowelsThere are seven vowels: a æ e i o u y.In Modern English, y is sometimes a vowel and sometimes a consonant. It was always a vowel in Anglo-Saxon.The general pronunciation of the vowels is the same as most modern European languages, but different from Modern English: * a as in path (North of England open 'ah' sound) * e as in pet * é as in pay * i as in pit * í as in peat * o as in pot * ó as in pole * u as in put * ú as in pool * æ as American pronunciation of man * y as in French tu or German fürThe long versions of a, æ, and y (with an accent or macron) are the same but held for a longer time.DiphthongsA diphthong is where a vowel is pronounced and then the sound is modified into another vowel. This is done smoothly and quickly, so that the whole thing counts as one syllable rather than two. For example, in modern English, the sounds in 'tune', 'pain', and 'sole' are all diphthongs: tee-oon, pay-een, and so-ull.There were six diphthongs in Anglo-Saxon: ea, éa, eo, éo, ie, and íe. For modern speakers, the easiest way is just to say the two vowels without a break between them, one after the other, putting the emphasis on the first. So:ea = eh - ahéa = ay - aheo = eh - o (short o like in pot)éo = ay - o (short o like in pot)ie = ih - ehíe = ee - ehConsonantsMost consonants were pronounced as in English. Ones which were different are given in the following table:letter position pronunciationf at start or end of word f in middle of word v beside unvoiced consonant f doubled fs at start or end of word s in middle of word z beside unvoiced consonant s doubled ssc usually shþ or ð at start or end of word th as in thin in middle of word th as in that beside unvoiced consonant th as in thin doubled th as in thinh at start or end of word h in middle of word ch as in Lochc in general k before e, before i, after i ch as in churchg in general g as in garden before e, before i, after i y as in yellow in middle of word gh as Modern Greek ghamma or voiced version of ch in Lochcg usually j sound as in bridgeng with hard g as in finger, linger, not like in singer, even when at the end of a wordThe two letters þ and ð were interchangeable. Modern scholars often try to use þ for the unvoiced 'th as in thin' sound and ð for the voiced 'th as in this' sound, but this was not the practice of the ancient scribes.Exceptions: sc in ascian (to ask) is pronounced sk. The gy- prefix at start of some words is sometimes an alternative spelling of the prefix gie. In this case, it is pronounced with a y sound. The cg in docg (dog) is pronounced with a hard g.Like in Italian and Finnish, doubled letters sound longer than single letters.All letters are pronounced. So g at start of gnæt (gnat) is pronounced, as are h at start of hwæt (what) and e at end of sunne (sun).Some WordsMany Anglo-Saxon words will be familiar to Modern English speakers, particularly when you've figured out the pronunciation:an onetwa twoþreo threefeower fourfif fivesiex or syx sixseofan seveneahta eightnigon ninetyn tentwentig twentyhundred hundredfif hundred þreo ond twentig five hundred and twenty-threehwæt whathwær wherehlaf bread (loaf)cese cheesescyld shieldreod redgrene greengeolu yellowman humanwifman womanmodor motherfæder fatherdohtor daughtersunu sonhors horsecu cowbridd birdwerwulf werewolfgast ghostdæg daynihte nightmiddæg middaySome will sound archaic:þu you (singular) thouabidian to await abidedæl valley daletunece dress tunicwaegn wagon wainæfansang evening evensongwendan to go wendbearn child bairnær before erewyrd fate weirdOthers will sound completely strange, as the word has changed in usage or has been replaced in Modern English by a word from a different language.werman manbeorscipe feastmigan to urinatesweorcian to darkenwrecan to recitesiþ journeyþrowian to sufferlæne temporarySome phraseswes þu hal hello (be you hale)god þe mid sie goodbyehu gæþ hit how are you? (how goes it)hit gæþ god I'm well (it goes good)ic þancie þe I thank youhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A695478YE(the) OLDE (old) DICTIONARY OF THE OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE art - arebequeath (one of my personal favorites) - To give or leave by will; to hand down.beseech - request, ask.besought – asked, made request. (past tense of bessech.)canst - candearth - (durth) scarcity or scant supply of anything; want or lack.draught or draft – Can mean the act of pulling or drawing loads; a pull or haul; a team of animals for pulling a load; the drawing in of a fish net; the bunch of fish that were drawn in by the net; but… your typical Rennie will prefer one of these usages: the act of inhaling; that which is inhaled; or, the number one definition for common folk everywhere: the drawing of a liquid from its receptacle, as of ale from a cask!!!!durst – Dare; to have the necessary boldness or courage for something.fere - friend, companion.fullsome - rich, plentiful.huzzah - Huzza or huzzah is first recorded in 1573. According to a number of writers in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was originally a sailor's cheer or salute. (Old French, huzzer, “to shout aloud;” German, hussah!) Submitted by John Of - An expanse of water; lake; pool.midst – Middle, or among. e.g., "in the midst of the storm…nary - None; absolutely nothing; not even close to anything.The good Jester also included an example of the word's usage:"Thou dost hast nary an inkling on coveting thine lady."And for the fullness of your understanding, this modern translation of the above phrase:"You wouldn't know how to please a babe if you spent 10 years on the set of Oprah!"naught – Nothing. (Did you know our modern word “not” is actually an abbreviated form of this Olde-English word, which was itself a shortened form of “no whit” or “not a whit”?)prithee - contracted form of "I pray thee", i.e., I ask of you, I beseech thee, etc.Rennies - Renaissance fanatics; also people who are addicted to Renaissance Faires, costume, and anything else reminiscent of that era. Alright, this isn’t really an O.E. word at all – it’s a catchy name, though!shall or shalt - willseek - (O.E. secan, to seek) To go in search or quest of; to look or search for.tarry - to linger, deliberate, wait, stay, or pause.thou - youthee - youthine - yourthy - yourtrow – To think or suppose. e.g., "Wilt thou labor for naught? I trow not!"whence - From where, e.g., "Whence, comest thou?" would translate to the modern "Where do you come from?"wax - to grow, to become.whither - To where, e.g., "Whither thou goest, I shall go." translates in modern English as "Where you go, I will go."wilt – This one is tricky. It can mean very simply, will; but then it could also mean what a flower does without water, or what I do when asked to cook - it all depends on the context…wist - knew; past tense of wit, e.g. He wist that his love was coming...wit – To know, e.g., Canst thou wit what the day shall bring?yore - years ago.
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