英文学术论文

英语学术论文写作格式

一、英语论文的标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英语论文提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英语论文的文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的'观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

五、英语论文的文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。

3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A

Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.

---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,

Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.

引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。

An Author with an Editor

Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.

Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.

本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:

Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:

Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's,

1962.vii-xxxix.

如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):

Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.

London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.

A Multivolume Work

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.

第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。

A Selection from an Anthology

Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”

Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New

York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.

被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。

Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”

Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.

报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。

Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cather's Nostalgia: A Study in

Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.

月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。

Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post

31 July,1985:B1.

引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。

我国经济经历了三十多年的快速发展，在取得了发展奇迹的同时也存在着很多问题。下面是我为大家精心推荐的经济类学术论文（英文），希望能够对您有所帮助。经济类学术论文（英文）篇一 The Likonomics “Likonomics”, the term to describe Chinese Premier Li Keqiang`s economic policy. Was coined on June 27 by three economists at Barclays Capital. Like "Thatcherism", "Reaganomics", and more recently “Abenomics”, "Likonomics" has become the buzzword to describe the implications of China's new economic program. And what is “Likonomics”? The Barclays Capital`s economists also give our a explain, “Likonomics” was a series of measures adopted by the State Council. The measures were passed to ensure the sustainability of China`s economy. “which could be summarized as "Likonomics", consists of three key pillars: no stimulus, Deleveraging and structural reform." It is mean the China need to free the market, and stop the government control the market. And this new police is a long-term objectives, so the next three years the grew rate of Chinese quarter of Economic will be reduced at least 4%. “Since assuming office in mid-March, Premier Li Keqiang has taken a different policy path. Its key economic policy framework, which could be summarized as "Likonomics", consists of three key pillars: no stimulus, deleveraging and structural reform.”(China Daily 07/05/2013 page9 by Huang Yiping). In the news, we know the three solutions, “no stimulus”, “Deleveraging” and “structural reform”. The “stimulus” mean the government in the short time,following the liabilities or expand the money supply to stimulate the economy, but at the same time the inflation also coming, So the first way is to decrease the Chinese inflation. And the second solution is “Deleveraging”, this solution`s meaning is “repay”, repay the money that borrow before the economic crisis, at the same time the most assets, such as stocks, bonds, real estate the prices of those assets will be decrease, and the country`s economy also will be reduced. The last solution is the “structural reform”, everyone know the government has no able to control the market, because the government cannot get all information for the government, but it just is the half reason for this solution, the other part is the “corruption” in the Chinese government system, the power official have able to control the economy. So the Premier Li Keqiang build the “free trade zone” in Shanghai, in this area no one can control the economy, that mean every thing happen in this area are all form the market`s self adjusting. In fact the words “no stimulus”, “Deleveraging” and “structural reform” are professional, so I use my own word to explain the “Likonomics”. I have four steps. First step, only “fight” the inflation and do not care the Chinese Economy grow rate, right now in China the RIBOR between banks is from 2% increase to 30%, it is effective to stop the banks`s venture investment, because when the RIBOR increase the bank have to keep the “working capital” in their own hand, they have no enough able to pay the extremely high interest rate, so that the total money in the market going to decrease. But at the same time the China “Total Social Financing ” it reduced 43%. Secondly step, is decrease the TAX, as same as the picture show as, right now the Chinese tas price is stand on the point A, and if the government reduced the tax price the total tax revenue will be increase. Thirdly step, is free the coal`s price, because in China the coal is the most important resource, people use the coal to generate electricity, warm and others, but on the coal have 88 kinds of tax, and the government disagree to trade the coal with other countries, so that if the government stop to control the coal`s price, the price will be decrease, then the burden of enterprises will accordingly drop. Fourth step, and also the last step is talk about the government control. We all know, that if the government control the market the efficiency of market will goes down, because the government cannot get all the information in the market. So the “Free trade zone” was born in Shanghai, in this zone the government cannot control, and the other large enterprise also cannot intervene, it is a 100% free market. The Premier Li is use this way to break the bureaucracy in China. Right now, the China is the fastest develop country in the world, and at the same time the stagflation also is coming. So the Premier Li use the extremely hard cost to stop the Chinese inflation increase. We don`t know what will be happen in the after ten years, even twenty years, the China, stand on the top of world, every action of China can have able to effect the international economic. All the informations are from those website:The Likonomics 经济类学术论文（英文）篇二 I live in the area which has five communities. They are a large community Taizi vally, two medium communities Shanshuiqing and Nuode internation, and two small communities, Shanhaicuilu and Ray. 0755. Residents Quantity:2500 families. The supermarket quantity: before 2009, there's a Huarun for us to buy something we need, but it moved after property right had transfered . Before 2010,there are no formal large supermarket. Supermarkets in geographical position from this area is far place but they has some small buses to transport customers, but I live in the area which just has some stores and a large farmer's market. By the end of 2010, Easy life opened and Baijia opened in early 2011. They are opened for residents’ everyday necessities demand. In March 2011,Easy life went out of business but Baiji’s business is booming.This article will mainly discuss the reason of Easy life closed and consumers choice problem. 一.What decided they fate? 1. From market supply and demand we can see that when Easy life and Baijia existing at the same time, there are supply greater than demand . 2. When market supply greater than demand, which decide their fate is consumer preferences. First, shopping environment from view, consumer preferences in purchasing Baijia because it has a comfortable environment for comsumer to buy something. And at this point, Baijia do better than Easy life, such as: the ground very clean, there was nothing in the cart like residual vegetables or other things, shelves are very neat and clean, air indoor is very good.moreover from display of goods to see, though two of the supermarket goods no matter from varieties or to brand are familiar, but Baijia do better than Easy life and obviously the main problem is that Easy life’s commodity classification isn’t science, shelves has many unused space, etc. In addition to attract consumers from some of the factors, such as the lights, warm lamplight can make the fruit and vegetable appear very fresh, and can still make consumer feel very comfortable and it can also stimulate consumer to buy someting, so consumers are willing to spend more time to purchase goods.But choose the cool color light will make the fruit and vegetable seems not fresh and color looks wrong, the most important is the cool color light may make consumers feel unwell, consumers don’t want to stay in the supermarket any more, that is certainly will reduce consumer’s more consumption. At this point Baijia will do better than Easy life. The above is from thing’s logical thinking , however, but when we use economic theory to treat Easy life closed and there is something we cann’t understand. Because of Easy life is at the side of the road where there is a large community, a medium-sized community and a small community. From the factor of buy something convenient to see, people actually are more willing to go to Easy life, because it does not need to cross the road. And the cashier of Easy life work more efficiently than Baijia, the bill. And this reduce customer unnecessary waiting time. The most important advantages of Easy life that the price of same goods is cheaper than relative to the best goods cheaper than Baijia. So why are these relationships to the immediate interests of consumers advantage did not let Easy life’s business thriving? Instead of "advantage" that is blatant and why let Baijia’s business thriving? Personally, I think, this is the result of irrational consumer behavior! Economics of three assumptions, the most controversial is rational man hypothesis.看了“经济类学术论文（英文）”的人还看： 1. 经济类新闻学术论文 2. 经济类词汇中英对照 3. 经济类学术论文范文 4. 英文翻译学术论文 5. 英语学术论文范文