林肯总统英文

亚伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln，1809年(己巳年)－1865年），美国政治家，第16任总统（任期：1861年3月4日－1865年4月15日），也是首位共和党籍总统。在其总统任内，美国爆发了内战，史称南北战争。林肯击败了南方分离势力，废除了奴隶制度，维护了国家的统一。但就在内战结束后不久，林肯不幸遇刺身亡。他是第一位遭到刺杀的美国总统，更是一位出身贫寒的伟大总统。2006年，亚伯拉罕·林肯被美国的权威期刊《大西洋月刊》评为影响美国的100位人物第1名。最新版5美元纸币正面就是：亚伯拉罕·林肯。亚伯拉罕·林肯是美国第16任总统，是世界历史中最伟大的人物之一，领导了拯救联邦和结束奴隶制度的伟大斗争。人们怀念他的正直、仁慈和坚强的个性，他一直是美国历史上最受人景仰的总统之一。尽管他在边疆只受过一点儿初级教育，担任公职的经验也很少，然而，他那敏锐的洞察力和深厚的人道主义意识，使他成了美国历史上最伟大的总统。革命导师马克思十分高度地评价林肯说：“他是一个不会被困难所吓倒、不会为成功所迷惑的人，他不屈不挠地迈向自己的伟大目标，而从不轻举妄动，他稳步向前，而从不倒退……总之，他是一位达到了伟大境界而仍然保持自己优良品质的极其罕有的人物。”

亚伯拉罕·林肯 ( Abraham Lincoln ) （1809-1865）

Lincoln, American statesman, strategist and 16th President.

林肯，美国政治家、战略家、第16任总统。

Lincoln was the first Republican president to lead the abolition of black slavery in the United States during his term of office.

林肯是首位共和党籍总统，在任期间主导废除了美国黑人奴隶制。

Lincoln abolished slavery in the rebellious states and defeated the separatist forces of the South.

林肯他废除了叛乱各州的奴隶制，击败了南方分离势力。

Lincoln defended the right of the United States and its territory to equality regardless of race.

林肯维护了美利坚联邦及其领土上不分人种、人人生而平等的权利。

在南北战争中，林肯政治策略的中心是维护联邦的统一。在他的心目中，“联邦意味着自由的政府、民存、民治、民享的政府。”他认为内战应把拯救联邦、恢复国家的统一作为最高奋斗目标，他的这一态度一直坚持到内战的胜利结束为止。

在内战初期，林肯回避奴隶制问题，到内战中期他发表《解放宣言》，直至内战后期对南方叛乱政府和军队采取宽容政策，都是服从于联邦统一这一最根本的目的。内战初期，废除奴隶制与维护联邦统一孰先孰后，成为美国朝野争论的焦点。

林肯与反对派（激进派和废奴主义者）在这问题上的看法有着很大的分歧。反对派认为应先解放南方各州黑奴，然后平叛。林肯则从考虑国家整体和长远利益出发，认为维护联邦的统一是一首要问题，在1861年7月4日致国会咨文中，他强调“联邦不可分”。

国会参众两院比较赞同林肯的观点，随后一致通过关于战争目的的决议。宣称战争“不是为了任何征服或者镇压目的，不是为了推翻或干涉南部诸州的权利和现存制度，战争的唯一目的就是保存联邦”。“维护联邦统一”成为林肯政府的纲领口号，成为南北战争的至上目标。

基于这个目的，对奴隶制问题林肯采取回避态度。他认为：“如果我能拯救联邦而不解放一个奴隶，我愿意这样做；如果这是为了拯救联邦需要解放所有的奴隶，我也愿意这样做。”

在当时的情况下，联邦是唯一能团结最大多数人的旗帜，也是唯一能导向胜利的旗帜。面对美国当时的现实状况和客观形势，林肯采取回避奴隶制的策略是明智的。它服从并有利于维护联邦统一这一中心目的。

参考资料来源：百度百科-亚伯拉罕·林肯

Abraham LincolnBorn: February 12, 1809 in Hodgenville, Kentucky, United StatesDied: April 14, 1865 in Washington, DC, United StatesOccupation: presidentSource Database: Encyclopedia of World BiographyTable of ContentsBiographical Essay | Further ReadingsBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAYSixteenth president of the United States and president during the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) was immortalized by his Emancipation Proclamation, his Gettysburg Address, and two outstanding inaugural addresses.Abraham Lincoln was born on Feb. 12, 1809, in a log cabin on a farm in Hardin County, Ky. His father had come with his parents from Virginia and had grown to manhood on the Kentucky frontier. He had evidently become moderately successful as a farmer and carpenter, for in 1803 he was able to pay £118 cash for a farm near Elizabethtown. Three years later he married Nancy Hanks, described as "intelligent, deeply religious, kindly, and affectionate," but as "illiterate" as himself. Of her family and background little authentic is known.Lincoln's BackgroundThe young couple soon moved to the one-room cabin on Nolin Creek where their second child, Abraham, was born. Two years later the family moved to the farm on Knob Creek that Abraham later remembered. There, when there was no pressing work to be done, Abraham walked 2 miles to the schoolhouse, where he learned the rudiments of reading, writing, and arithmetic.Five years later the elder Lincoln sold his lands and carried his family into the untracked wilderness of Indiana across the Ohio River. It was late fall, and there was time only to pull together a crude three-sided shelter of logs, brush, and leaves. The open side was protected by a blazing fire which had to be replenished at all times. The only water was nearly a mile away. For food the family depended almost entirely on game.They began building a better home and clearing the land for planting. They were making progress when, in the summer of 1818, a dread disease known as milk sickness struck the region. First it carried off Mrs. Lincoln's uncle and aunt and then Nancy Hanks Lincoln herself. On the shoulders of Abraham's 12-year-old sister, Sarah, fell the burden of caring for the household; the home was soon reduced to near squalor.The next winter Abraham's father returned to Kentucky and brought back a second wife, Sarah Bush Johnson, a widow with three children. Abraham learned to love her and in later years referred to her as "my angel mother."As time passed, the region where the Lincolns lived grew in population, and James Gentry's little store became a trading center around which the village of Gentryville grew. There Abraham spent much of his spare time, early showing a marked talent for storytelling and mimicry. He grew tall and strong, and his father often hired him out to work for neighbors. Through this came the chance, with Gentry's son Allen, to take a flatboat of produce down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans--Lincoln's first sight of anything other than frontier simplicity.Meanwhile Lincoln's father had again moved his family to a new home in Illinois, where he built a cabin on the Sangamon River. This was open prairie country, but the abundant trees along the streams supplied the rails to fence their fields. Young Lincoln, already skilled with his ax, was soon splitting rails, not only for the Lincoln farm but for others as well.At the end of the first summer in Illinois an attack of fever and ague put the Lincolns again on the move. This time it was to Coles County. Abraham, however, did not go along. He was now of independent age and had agreed with two friends to take a cargo of produce, belonging to one Denton Offutt, downriver to New Orleans. Offutt was so impressed with Lincoln's abilities that he placed him in charge of the mill and store which he had established at New Salem.Entering Public LifeThis was the turning point; the Lincoln of history began to emerge. To the store came people of all kinds to talk and trade and to enjoy the stories and rich human qualities stored up in this unique man. The young roisterers from Clary's Grove found him to be more than a match for their champion wrestlers and became his devoted followers. The members of the New Salem Debating Society welcomed him; and when the Black Hawk War broke out, the volunteers of the region elected Lincoln to be their captain. On his return he announced himself as a candidate for the Illinois Legislature on a "Henry Clay-Whig" platform of internal improvements, better educational facilities, and lower interest rates. He was not elected, but he did receive 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.Lincoln next formed a partnership with William Berry and purchased one of the other stores in New Salem. However, on the death of his partner Lincoln found himself responsible for a $1,100 debt. His appointment as New Salem postmaster and the chance to work as deputy surveyor of the country improved his finances. He also was enabled to widen his acquaintances and to win election to the state legislature in 1834. The skill with which Lincoln conducted his campaign so impressed John Todd Stuart, the Whig leader of the county and an outstanding lawyer in Springfield, that he took Lincoln under his care and inspired him to begin the study of law.Lincoln served four successive terms in the legislature and became floor leader of his party in the lower house. Meanwhile, he mastered the law books he could buy or borrow and in September 1836 passed the bar examinations and was admitted to practice. He played an important part in having the state capital moved from Vandalia to Springfield, and in 1837 he moved there to become Stuart's law partner. Coming into a firm already well established, Lincoln had a secure legal future. He not only practiced in Springfield but rode the Eighth Circuit of some 160 miles through the Sangamon Valley. He did not, however, neglect politics, and in 1846 he was elected to the U.S. Congress.In these years Lincoln had become engaged to Mary Todd, a cultured and well-educated Kentucky woman who was visiting relatives in Springfield. After a rather stormy courtship, they were married on November 2, 1842. The part which Mary played in Lincoln's life is still a matter of controversy.National PoliticsLincoln's election to Congress came just as the war with Mexico began. Like many Whigs, he doubted the justice of the war, but since it was popular in Illinois he kept quiet.When Congress convened in December 1847, Lincoln, the only Whig from Illinois, voted for the Wilmot Proviso whenever it came up. When William A. Richardson, Illinois Democrat, presented resolutions declaring the war just and necessary and Mexico the aggressor, Lincoln countered with resolutions declaring that Mexico, not the United States, had jurisdiction over "the spot" where blood was first shed. These resolutions, together with one to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, brought sharp criticism from the people back in Illinois. Lincoln was "not a patriot." He had not correctly represented his state. Although the Whigs won the presidency in 1848, Lincoln could not even control the patronage in his own district. His political career seemed to be ended. His only reward for party service was an offer of the governorship of far-off Oregon, which he refused. He could only return to the practice of law.War on the HorizonDuring the next 12 years, while Lincoln rebuilt his legal practice, the nation was drifting steadily toward sectional confrontation. Victory in the Mexican war, having added vast western territory to the United States, had raised anew the issue of slavery in the territories. To southerners it involved the security and rights of slavery everywhere; to Northerners it was a matter of morals and democratic obligations. Tempers flared and the crisis developed. Only the frantic efforts of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster brought about the Compromise of 1850 as a temporary truce. The basic issues, however, were not eliminated. Four years later Stephen A. Douglas, by his bill to organize the Kansas-Nebraska Territory according to "squatter sovereignty" and "with all questions pertaining to slavery ... left to the decision of the people," reopened the whole bitter struggle.Douglas's bill, plus the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, brought Lincoln back into politics. He had always viewed slavery as a "moral, social and political wrong" and looked forward to its eventual abolition. Although willing to let it alone for the present in the states where it existed, he would not see it extended one inch. Douglas's popular sovereignty doctrine, he thought, revealed an indifference to the moral issue and ignored the growing Northern determination to rid the nation of slavery. So when Douglas returned to Illinois to defend his position, Lincoln seized every opportunity to point out the weakness in it.Republican LeaderLincoln's failure to receive the nomination as senator in 1855 convinced him that the Whig party was dead, and by summer 1856 he became openly identified with the new Republicans. At their state convention that year he delivered what many have considered his greatest speech. It was an appeal aimed at welding all anti-Nebraska men into a vigorous and successful party. Thus, Lincoln had made himself the outstanding leader of the new party. At the party's first national convention in Philadelphia, he received 110 votes for vice president on the first ballot. Though he was not chosen, he had been recognized as an important national figure.Violence in Kansas and the Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case soon centered national attention on Illinois. There Douglas, who had broken sharply with the new administration over acceptance of the proslavery Lecompton Constitution, had returned to wage his fight for reelection to the Senate. It would be an uphill struggle, with the fate of the national Democratic party in the balance. It would not be like earlier elections, for Illinois had grown rapidly and the population majority had shifted from the southern part of the state to the central and northern areas. In these growing areas the new Republican party had gained a large majority and offered, in Abraham Lincoln, a rival candidate of proven ability. Some Republicans in the East thought that Douglas should not be opposed, because of his stand on Kansas; but Lincoln thought differently. He had delivered his now famous "house divided" speech, and he pressed Douglas for a joint discussion of issues. Out of this came the Lincoln-Douglas debates, in which Lincoln proved his ability to hold his own against the "Little Giant." In the end Douglas was reelected, but Lincoln had gained national attention. Invitations for speeches pored in from all over the country. His speech at Cooper Institute in New York attracted wide attention and gave him a new standing in the East.When the Republican National Convention met to choose its presidential candidate for 1860, Lincoln was the first or second choice of most delegations. As a result, when serious objections were raised against other first choices, many turned to Lincoln. That he stood well in the states which the Republicans had lost in 1856 also helped; the bargains and promises which Lincoln's managers made did the rest. He was nominated on the third ballot. The split in the Democratic party and the formation of the Constitutional Union party made Lincoln's election certain. He would be a minority, sectional president. Seven Southern states reacted by seceding from the Union and forming the Confederate States of America.Sixteenth PresidentIn the critical months before taking office, Lincoln selected his Cabinet. It was a strange group, chosen with the aim of representing all elements in the party. The skill with which Lincoln taught each of his men that he was their master and secured maximum service from them is one of the marks of his greatness.In his inaugural address he clarified his position on the national situation. Secession, he said, was anarchy. The Union could not legally be broken apart. He would not interfere with slavery in the states, but he would "hold, occupy, and possess" all Federal property and places. Firmness and conciliation would go together.The first test came when Secretary of State William H. Seward secretly conferred with Southerners regarding the evacuation of Ft. Sumter in Charleston harbor. Lincoln firmly but kindly put Seward in his place and refused to yield even though it meant the outbreak of the Civil War.A second test came when Col. John C. Frémont, in command at St. Louis, invoked martial law and announced the confiscation of the property of all persons who had taken up arms against the government and the freeing of their slaves. Lincoln quickly rescinded the orders and, when Frémont resisted, removed him from command.Civil WarFrom this time on, Lincoln's life was shaped by the problems and fortunes of civil war. As president, he was the head of all administration agencies and commander in chief of the armies. On him the criticisms for inefficiency in administration and failure in battle fell first. Radicals in Congress were soon demanding a reorganization of his Cabinet and a new set of generals to lead his armies. He let the dissatisfied congressmen air their views and in the end withdraw in confusion. To the critics of Gen. George McClellan, he pointed to the army this general had created, relieved him when he failed, but brought him back to serve until better men had been developed. Meanwhile Lincoln himself studied military books. He correctly evaluated Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. William T. Sherman and the importance of the western campaign.As to slavery, Lincoln waited until after the victory at Antietam, when it would have real meaning as a war measure, to issue his Emancipation Proclamation. Later, at Gettysburg, he gave the war its universal meaning as a struggle to preserve a nation "conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal."As the war dragged on, Lincoln's critics began to question his chances for reelection. Salmon P. Chase in the Cabinet and Radicals in Congress plotted to crowd him aside, and only the loyalty of the people and final military success secured his reelection. His second inaugural address was brief. It lacked bitterness toward the South and urged his people "to bind up the nation's wounds." "With malice toward none; with charity for all," Americans could achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace.Lincoln had already taken steps in that direction. As the Federal Army had conquered Southern territory, he had set up military governments and soon had governments in Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Virginia. When Congress opposed this, he applied the "pocket veto" to its bill. He had never learned to hate. He was interested only in a restored Union. He did insist on ending slavery in the reconstructed states, and there are some indications that he favored votes for capable Negroes. What the final outcome might have been, history does not know, for on the night of April 14, 1865, an assassin's bullet ended his life. Then, as Edwin Stanton said, he belonged to the ages.-- Avery CravenFURTHER READINGSLincoln's writings are gathered in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (8 vols., 1953), edited by Roy P. Basler and others. The Lincoln Reader (1947), edited by Paul M. Angle, is one of many anthologies of selected writings. Lincoln and His America, 1809-1865: The Words of Abraham Lincoln (1970), arranged by David Flowden and the editors of Viking Press, is a handsome book that gives a portrait of Lincoln's entire life through his own words and includes hundreds of photographs. Lincoln As I Knew Him (1999), edited by Harold Holzer, offers glimpses of Lincoln through the letters, diaries, memoirs and accounts of people who met him over the course of his life.The literature on Lincoln is enormous and still growing. A useful bibliography is Paul M. Angle, A Shelf of Lincoln Books: A Critical, Selective Bibliography of Lincolniana (1946). One of the most popular biographies is Carl Sandburg's sprawling study, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (2 vols., 1926) and Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (4 vols., 1939), all condensed into one volume in 1954. Among the many good biographies are older works: W. H. Herndon and J. W. Weik, Herndon's Lincoln (3 vols., 1889); the classic work of John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (10 vols., 1890), condensed into an excellent one-volume edition in 1966; Lord Charnwood, Abraham Lincoln (2 vols., 1925); and Albert J. Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1858 (2 vols., 1928). Edgar Lee Masters, Lincoln the Man (1931), portrays Lincoln unfavorably. More recent biographies are Benjamin P. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (1952); Stefan Lorant, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (1954); Reinhard Henry Luthin, The Real Abraham Lincoln (1960); and Edward J. Kempf, Abraham Lincoln's Philosophy of Common Sense: An Analytical Biography of a Great Mind (3 vols., 1965).Interpretative studies of Lincoln's life include Roy P. Basler, The Lincoln Legend: A Study in Changing Conceptions (1935), which analyzes the creation of a national legend about Lincoln; David Herbert Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era (1956); Richard N. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958); and David D. Anderson, Abraham Lincoln (1970), which examines Lincoln's personal and political life through the development of his thought and prose.There are numerous studies of specific aspects of Lincoln's career and influence. Among them are T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals (1941) and Lincoln and the Generals (1952); David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (1942; with a new preface, 1962); Reinhard Henry Luthin and Harry J. Carman, Lincoln and Patronage (1943); Jay Monaghan, Diplomat in Carpet Slippers (1945); Burton J. Hendrick, Lincoln's War Cabinet (1946); James G. Randall, Lincoln and the South (1946), Lincoln the President (4 vols., 1946-1955), Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (1947), and Mr. Lincoln (1957); William Best HesseHine, Lincoln and the War Governors (1948); Donald W. Riddle, Lincoln Runs for Congress (1948); Don E. Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s (1962); Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (1962); Paul Simon, Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years (1965); Dean Sprague, Freedom under Lincoln (1965); and Richard Allen Heckman, Lincoln vs. Douglas: The Great Debates (1967), which attempts to diminish the exaggerated importance of the debates and place them in a better perspective. A critique of special interest is Benjamin P. Thomas, Portrait for Posterity: Lincoln and His Biographers (1947). The 1860 and 1864 presidential elections are detailed in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., History of American Presidential Elections (4 vols., 1971). An examination of Lincoln's perspective on religion and his theological endeavors can be found in Allen C. Guelzo,Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (1999).

生平亚伯拉罕•林肯（1809－1865 ）,美国第 16 任总统。1809年2月12日，林肯出生在肯塔基州哈丁县一个清贫的农民家庭，用他自己的话说，他的童年是“一部贫穷的简明编年史”。小时候，他帮助家里搬柴、提水、做农活等。 父母是英国移民的后裔，他们以种田和打猎为生。1816年，林肯全家迁至印第安纳州西南部，开荒种地为生。9岁的时候，林肯的母亲去世了。一年后，父亲与一位寡妇结婚。继母慈祥勤劳，对待前妻的子女如同己出。林肯也敬爱后母，一家人生活得和睦幸福。由于家境贫穷，林肯受教育的程度不高。为了维持家计，少年时的林肯当过俄亥俄河上的摆渡工、种植园的工人、店员和木工。18岁那年，身材高大(1.93米)的林肯为一个船主所雇佣，与人同乘一条平底驳船顺俄亥俄河而下，航行千里到达奥尔良。在25岁以前，林肯没有固定的职业，四处谋生。成年后，他成为一名当地土地测绘员，因精通测量和计算，常被人们请去解决地界纠纷。在艰苦的劳作之余，林肯始终是一个热爱读书的青年，他夜读的灯火总要闪烁到很晚很晚。在青年时代，林肯通读了莎士比亚的全部著作，读了《美国历史》，还读了许多历史和文学书籍。他通过自学使自己成为一个博学而充满智慧的人。在一场政治集会上他第一次发表了政治演说。由于抨击黑奴制，提出一些有利于公众事业的建议，林肯在公众中有了影响，加上他具有杰出的人品，1834年他被选为州议员。两年后，林肯通过自学成为一名律师，不久又成为州议会辉格党领袖。1834年8月，25岁的林肯当选为州议员开始了自己的政治生涯同时管理乡间邮政所，也从事土地测量，并在友人的帮助下钻研法律。几年后，他成为一名律师。积累了州议员的经验之后，1846年，他当选为美国众议员。1847年，林肯作为辉格党的代表，参加了国会议员的竞选，获得了成功，第一次来到首都华盛顿。在此前后，关于奴隶制度的争论，成了美国政治生活中的大事。在这场争论中，林肯逐渐成为反对蓄奴主义者。他认为奴隶制度最终应归于消灭，首先应该在首都华盛顿取消奴隶制。代表南方种植园主利益的蓄奴主义者则疯狂地反对林肯。1850年，美国的奴隶主势力大增，林肯退出国会，继续当律师。1860年，林肯成为共和党的总统候选人，11月，选举揭晓，以200万票当选为美国第16任总统，但在奴隶主控制的南部10个州，他没有得到1张选票。1865年4月15日晚，林肯在华盛顿的福特剧院遇刺身亡。5月4日，林肯葬于橡树岭公墓。林肯领导美国人民维护了国家统一，废除了奴隶制，为资本主义的发展扫除了障碍，促进了美国历史的发展，一百多年来，受到美国人民的尊敬。由于林肯在美国历史上所起的进步作用，人们称赞他为“新时代国家统治者的楷模”。亚伯拉罕•林肯是美国第 16 任总统，是世界历史中最伟大的人物之一，领导了拯救联邦和结束奴隶制度的伟大斗争。人们怀念他的正直、仁慈、和坚强的个性，他一直是美国历史上最受人景仰的总统之一。尽管他在边疆只受过一点儿初级教育，担任公职的经验也很少，然而，他那敏锐的洞察力和深厚的人道主义意识，使他成了美国历史上最伟大的总统。总统任期1860年，林肯当选为美国总统。林肯的当选，对南方种植园主的利益构成严重威胁，他们当然不愿意一个主张废除奴隶制的人当总统。为了重新夺回他们长期控制的国家领导权，他们在林肯就职之前就发动了叛乱。1860年12月，南方的南卡罗来纳州首先宣布脱离联邦而独立，接着密西西比、佛罗里达等蓄奴州也相继脱离联邦。1861年2月，他们宣布成立一个“美利坚邦联”，推举大种植园主杰弗逊·戴维斯为总统，还制定了“宪法”，宣布黑人奴隶制是南方联盟的立国基础：“黑人不能和白人平等，黑人奴隶劳动是自然的、正常的状态。”1861年4月12日，南方联盟不宣而战，迅速攻占了联邦政府军驻守的萨姆特要塞。林肯不得不宣布对南方作战。林肯本人并不主张用过激的方式废除奴隶制，他认为可以用和平的方式，先限制奴隶制，然后逐步加以废除，而关键是维护联邦的统一。在这种思想的支配下，北方政府根本没有进行战争的准备，只是仓促应战，而南方则是蓄谋已久，有优良的装备和训练有素的军队，所以，尽管北方在多方面都占有优势，还是被南方打得节节败退，连首都华盛顿也险些被叛军攻破。北方在战场上的失利引起了广大人民的强烈不满，许多城市爆发了示威游行，要求政府采取措施扭转战局。这时林肯才意识到，要想打赢这场战争，就必须调动农民的积极性，废除奴隶制、解放黑奴。1862年5月，林肯签署了《宅地法》 ，规定每个美国公只交纳10美元登记费，便能在西部得160英亩土地，连续耕种5年之后就成为这块土地的合法主人。这一措施从根本上消除了南方奴隶主夺取西部土地的可能性，同时也满足了广大农民的迫切要求，大大激发了农民奋勇参战的积极性。1862年9月，林肯又亲自起草了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》草案。1863年1月1日正式颁布《解放黑奴宣言》，宣布即日起废除叛乱各州的奴隶制，解放的黑奴可以应召参加联邦军队。宣布黑奴获得自由，从根本上瓦解了叛军的战斗力，也使北军得到雄厚的兵源。内战期间，直接参战的黑人达到18．6万人，他们作战非常勇敢，平均每三个黑人中就有一人为解放事业献出了生命。 1863年提出“民有，民治，民享”的纲领性口号，从而使战争成为群众性的革命斗争。这两个法令的颁布是南北战争（the Civil War)的转折点，战场上的形势变得对北方越来越有利了。1863年7月1日到3日，双方在华盛顿以北的葛底斯堡展开了内战以来规模最大的一次战斗。双方激战了三天三夜，北军重创南军，使南军损失了3．6万人，从此北军开始进入反攻，而南军只有防守了。这年的7月4日，北军又在维克斯堡大获全胜。维克斯堡位于密西西比河上，是一个高出水面200英尺的悬崖，据守悬崖的叛军居高临下，可以用炮火直接威胁河上来往的船只。如果从下面攻打这个要塞非常困难。早在1862年末，格兰特就率军在海军的协助下几次攻打这个要塞，但都没成功。1863年4月，格兰特实行了新的进攻计划，先摧毁了要塞周围的各个据点，然后包围了维克斯堡。海军也来助战，从陆地和水上同时进攻，猛烈炮击要塞，震耳欲聋的炮声一直响了47天之久。7月4日，困守要塞的叛军弹尽粮绝，被迫投降，北军这一次俘虏叛军2．9万人。紧接着，北方军队以秋风扫落叶之势，迅猛追击叛军，1863年4月3日攻占了叛军首都里士满。4月9日，叛军总司令罗伯特·李率残部2．8万人在阿波马托克斯小村向格兰特投降。历时四年的南北战争以北方的胜利而告终。南北战争被称为继独立战争之后的美国第二次资产阶级革命。林肯成为黑人解放的象征。但奴隶主却对他万分仇恨。1865年4月14日晚上，林肯在华盛顿的福特剧院(Ford's Theatre)里看戏时，被南方奴隶主收买的一个暴徒刺杀。林肯的不幸逝世引起了国内外的巨大震动，美国人民深切哀悼他，有700多万人停立在道路两旁向出殡的行列致哀，有150万人瞻仰了林肯的遗容。林肯是一位杰出的政治家，为推动美国社会向前发展做出了巨大贡献，受到美国人民的崇敬，在美国人的心目中，他的威望甚至超过了华盛顿！遇刺由于亚伯拉罕·林肯的卓越功绩，1864年 11 月 8 日他再次当选为美国总统。然而，还没等林肯把他的战后政策付诸实施，悲剧发生了。 1865 年4月14 日晚 10 时 15 分，就在南方军队投降后第5天，林肯在华盛顿福特剧院遇刺。约翰·威尔克斯·布斯(Jogh wilkes Booth)已经在磨刀霍霍了。布斯出身于美国戏剧界名门之后，他高超的演技一直是女性戏迷追逐的对象。但是布斯人在戏行，心忧国家，他在政见上毫不含糊，一个坚定的南部联邦的极力支持者。内战期间，布斯就纠合了一群人暗中活动，这些人包括他的儿时好友米切尔·奥劳夫林和萨姆·阿诺德；马里兰州一个制造马车的乔治·阿茨罗德；23岁的药店员工大卫·赫罗尔德；前南部联邦战士路易斯·鲍威尔，还有一个曾经为叛军提供过情报的约翰·萨拉特。这个组织曾经在华盛顿的一所公寓密谋了绑架林肯以交换南部被俘战士的计划，但这些计划都像其他许多阴谋一样，毫无结果。林肯被刺的前两三天，布斯几乎天天酩酊大醉，他以前的那个阴谋组织支离破碎，只剩下佩因、赫罗尔德和阿茨罗德了。4月14日中午时分，他去福特剧院取邮件，无意中看到海报上说，林肯和格兰特将出席晚上的节目，布斯一阵狂喜，立即召集死党实施他们的最后计划：阿茨罗德去刺杀副总统约翰逊，佩因和赫罗尔德去刺杀日渐康复的国务卿西华德，布斯自己去刺杀总统。事情进展得并不顺利：阿茨罗德喝醉了酒临阵退缩，根本没有去刺杀约翰逊。佩因和赫罗尔德倒进行得不错，他们摸到了西华德家外面，由赫罗尔德守在马车上接应，佩因直接进了西华德家，他拿着一包药，这也是早就策划好的。西华德的儿子告诉佩因，他的父亲正在睡觉，现在还不能吃药。但是佩因坚持要送药进去，小西华德感到此人不可理喻，命令他立即滚蛋。由于害怕被看穿阴谋，佩因立即掏出了手枪，对准小西华德的头部就是一下，可惜子弹不知咋的，竟然瞎火。佩因赶紧握紧枪，用枪托猛砸小西华德的头，可怜的小西华德头骨被打裂了。扫除了门外的障碍，佩因从包裹里抽出一把大刀冲进了西华德黑暗的卧室，这时他才发现卧室里除了西华德还有西华德的女儿和一个男护士。男护士见势不妙，立即跳将起来冲向佩因，佩因抡起大刀就把他的前额砍破了，而西华德的女儿在惊吓之余也被佩因打晕了过去。佩因冲到西华德的床边，一刀一刀地猛刺国务卿。这时，西华德的另一个儿子听到声响也冲了进来，不料被手持凶器的佩因在前额划了一刀，并且砍伤了手。佩因感到此地不宜久留，于是迅速离开卧室，跳下楼梯，在楼梯上他又撞见了一个倒霉的国务院信使，佩因一不做，二不休，把这信使又砍伤了。直到逃到大门前，狂奔的佩因不停地尖叫：“我疯了！我疯了！”令人不可思议的是，所有遭到佩因袭击的人最后都康复了，而且西华德在林肯死后的约翰逊总统任期里还继续做他的国务卿。话题转到布斯那边，布斯于晚上10点平静地进入了总统的包厢。本来包厢是有个锁的，但这锁在几天前就坏了，也没有人报告此事。由于布斯本来是个演员，所以警卫总统的人都没有为难他。警察约翰·派克本来应该是守在大厅通往包厢的必经之路上的，但是他对看戏毫无兴趣，所以躲到另一个房间去喝酒去了。当布斯进入包厢后，他平静地把枪瞄准了林肯的左耳和背脊之间……共开枪8次，林肯被击中6次，其中5次击中要害。然而1675名观众中，只有很少人听见枪声，甚至坐在旁边的林肯夫人和几个陪同看戏的人都没有对枪声太震惊。因为布斯选择了戏剧的高潮处开枪，演员的大笑和枪声混杂在一起是很难听清的。接下来包厢里一片混乱，布斯从包厢里跳到舞台上，转身向观众喊了句：“一切暴君都是这个下场。”这是弗吉尼亚州的名言。年表1809年2月12日,出生在寂静的荒野上的一座简陋的小屋1816年,7岁,全家被赶出居住地，他必须工作以抚养他们1818年10月15日,9岁,年仅35岁的母亲南希·汉克斯不幸去世1824年,15岁,开始上学1827年,18岁,自己制作了一艘摆渡船1831年,22岁,经商失败1832年,23岁,竞选州议员,但落选了,想进法学院学法律,但未获入学资格，工作也丢了1833年,24岁,向朋友借钱经商,年底破产.接下来花了16年,才把这笔钱还清1834年,25岁,再次竞选州议员，当选1835年,26岁,订婚后即将结婚时，未婚妻病逝，因此他的心也碎了1836年,27岁,精神完全崩溃,卧病在床6个月1838年,29岁,努力争取成为州议员的发言人,没有成功1840年,31岁,争取成为被选举人,落选了1841年.32岁.当选国会议员1843年,34岁,参加国会大选,竞选国会议员连任，又落选了1846年,37岁,再次参加国会大选,这次当选了！前往华盛顿特区，表现可圈可点1848年,39岁,寻求国会议员连任,失败了1849年,40岁,想在自己州内担任土地局长,被拒绝了1854年,45岁,竞选参议员，落选了1856年,47岁,在共和党的全国代表大会上争取副总统的提名得票不到100张，又失败了1858年.49岁.竞选参议员再次失败1860年.51岁.当选美国第16届总统1864年,55岁,连任美国总统，北方军取得胜利1865年,56岁,4月14日晚，在华盛顿福特剧院被演员约翰·威尔克斯·布斯开枪射击，15日去世。轶事早在读书时，有一次考试，老师问他：“你愿意答一道难题，还是两道容易的题目？”林肯很有把握地答：“答一道难题吧。”“那你回答，鸡蛋是怎么来的？”“鸡生的。”老师又问：“那鸡又是从哪里来的呢？”“老师，这已经是第二道题了。”林肯微笑着说。当上总统后，由于是鞋匠的儿子，受人侮辱。他的一个手下在纸条上写了“笨蛋”传给林肯。林肯看后，不但没有生气，反而幽默地说：“我们这里只写正文，不记名。而这个人只写了名字，没写正文。”一次，林肯步行到城里去。一辆汽车从他身后开来时，他扬手让车停下来，对司机说：“能不能替我把这件大衣捎到城里去？”“当然可以，”司机说，“可我怎样将大衣交还给你呢？”林肯回答说：“哦，这很简单，我打算裹在大衣里头。”司机被他的幽默所折服，笑着让他上了车。林肯当过律师。有一次出庭，对方律师把一个简单的论据翻来覆去地陈述了两个多小时，讲得听众都不耐烦了。好不容易才轮到林肯上台替被告辩护，他走上讲台，先把外衣脱下放在桌上，然后拿起玻璃杯喝了两口水，接着重新穿上外衣，然后再脱下外衣放在桌上，又再喝水，再穿衣，这样反反复复了五六次，法庭上的听众笑得前俯后仰。林肯一言不发，在笑声过后才开始他的辩护演说。林肯的脸较长，不好看。一次，他和斯蒂芬·道格拉斯辩论，道格拉斯讥讽他是两面派,林肯答道：“要是我有另一副面孔的话，我还会戴这副难看的面孔吗？”有一次，林肯在擦自己的皮鞋，一个外国外交官向他走来说：“总统先生，您竟擦自己的皮鞋？”“是的，”林肯诧异地反问，“难道你擦别人的皮鞋？”有人认为林肯对待政敌的态度不够强硬，对他说：“你为什么要让他们成为朋友呢？你应该想办法消灭他们才对。”“我难道不是在消灭政敌吗？当我使他们成为我的朋友时，政敌就不存在了。”林肯温和地说。又有一次，一个妇人来找林肯，她理直气壮地说：“总统先生，你一定要给我儿子一个上校的职位。我们应该有这样的权利，因为我的祖父曾参加过雷新顿战役，我的叔父在布拉敦斯堡是惟一没有逃跑的人，而我的父亲又参加过纳奥林斯之战，我丈夫是在曼特莱战死的，所以……”林肯回答说：“夫人，你们一家三代为国服务，对国家的贡献实在够多了，我深表敬意。现在你能不能给别人一个为国效命的机会？”那妇人无话可说，只好悄悄走了。在亚伯拉罕·林肯遇刺100年之后美国总统 肯尼迪也遇刺了，刺客同样 姓约翰，使用左轮手枪打死总统！而肯尼迪的秘书姓林肯而林肯的秘书姓肯尼迪．一天，林肯和他的大儿子罗伯特乘马车上街，街口被路过的军队堵塞了，林肯开门踏出一只脚问一位路人：“请问这是什么？”林肯的意思这是哪个部队，那路人以为他不认识军队，便答道：“联邦的军队呀，你真是个他妈的大笨蛋。”林肯说了声“谢谢”，关上车门，然后严肃地对儿子说：“有人在你面前说老实话，这是一种幸福。”紧接着他又说：“我的确是个他妈的大笨蛋！”