禁运的英文

英语不规则名词复数表一、 分类1. 以f或fe结尾：大多数以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式时将其转为ves，但个别直接加s：* roof → roofs 屋顶* gulf → gulfs 海湾* grief → griefs 悲伤, 悲痛, 担心* cliff → cliffs 悬崖, 峭壁* beef → beefs 牛肉* chief → chiefs 首长, 首领* proof → proofs 证明* staff → staffs 全体职员2. 元音：有些名称的复数形式是改变它们的元音声：* -man → -men 男……* -woman → -women 女……* fireman → firemen 消防员* foot → feet 脚* goose → geese 鹅* tooth → teeth 牙齿* mouse → mice 老鼠* louse → lice 虱子3. 古代英语：有些是沿用古代英语：* child → children 小孩, 儿童* ox → oxen 牛, 阉牛4. 以o结尾：? 有的以o结尾的单词加“s”：* auto → autos [美口] 汽车* kangaroo → kangaroos 袋鼠* kilo → kilos 千克, 公斤* memo → memos [口] 备忘录* photo → photos 照片* piano → pianos 钢琴* pimento → pimentos 多香果* pro → pros 赞成意见* con → cons 反对意见* solo → solos, soli 独唱, 独奏* soprano → sopranos 女高音* studio → studios 工作室* tattoo → tattoos 文身* video → videos 视频* zoo → zoos 动物园* bamboo → bamboos 竹子? 有的则加“es”：* echo → echoes 回声, 反响* embargo → embargoes 禁运, 禁运令* hero → heroes 英雄* potato → potatoes 土豆* tomato → tomatoes 番茄* torpedo → torpedoes 鱼雷, 水雷* veto → vetoes 否决, 否决权* negro → negroes 黑人? 有的两种都可以：* buffalo → buffalos / buffaloes / buffalo 水牛* cargo → cargos / cargoes (船/飞机的)货物* halo → halos / haloes 光环* mosquito → mosquitos / mosquitoes 蚊子* motto → mottos / mottoes 箴言, 格言* no → nos / noes 没有* tornado → tornados / tornadoes 龙卷风* volcano → volcanos / volcanoes 火山* zero → zeros / zeroes 零* commando → commands / commandoes突击员5. 不变：有的则不变：* cod → cod 鳕鱼* deer → deer 鹿* fish → fish 鱼, 鱼类* offspring → offspring 子孙, 后裔, 幼崽* perch → perch 鲈鱼* sheep → sheep 绵羊* trout → trou 鲑鱼* bison → bison 野牛* moose → moose 驼鹿* aircraft → aircraft 飞机, 飞行器* barracks → barracks 兵营* crossroads → crossroads 十字路口* dice → dice 骰子* gallows → gallows 绞刑架* headquarters → headquarters 总部* means → means 方法, 手段, 途径* series → series 系列* species → species 物种6. 借用单词：英语中有些单词是借用其他语言的。部分借用单词的复数跟随外语形式，下面每行的第二个单词都是外语形式，第三个为现时英语使用：? 以“a”结尾的转为“ae”：* alga → algae 水藻* amoeba → amoebae, amoebas变形虫* antenna → antennae, antennas 触角,天线* formula → formulae, formulas 公式* larva → larvae (昆虫的)幼虫* nebula → nebulae, nebulas 星云* vertebra → vertebrae, vertebras 脊椎骨* alumna → alumnae 女校友? 以“u”结尾的转为“ux”：* beau → beaux, beaus 情郎, 纨绔子弟* bureau → bureaux, bureaus 局, 机构* tableau → tableaux, tableaus 舞台造型, 场景* plateau → plateaux, plateaus 高原, 平顶? 以“us”结尾的转为“-ora”、“-era”（适用于专业术语）：* corpus → corpora 资料, 文集, 文献* genus → genera (动植物的)属, 类? 以“us”结尾的转为“i”：* alumnus → alumni 校友* bacillus → bacilli 杆菌* cactus → cacti, cactuses 仙人球,仙人掌* focus → foci 焦点* fungus → fungi, funguses 真菌* nucleus → nuclei 核心, 原子核* octopus → octopi, octopuses 章鱼* radius → radii, radiuses 半径* stimulus → stimuli 刺激物, 促进因素* syllabus → syllabi, syllabuses 大纲, 提纲* terminus → termini 终点, 目标, 界碑* hippopotamus→ hippopotami 河马* genius → genii, geniuses 天才* abacus → abaci, abacuses 算盘? 以“um”结尾的转为“a”：* addendum → addenda 附录, 补遗* bacterium → bacteria 细菌* curriculum → curricula, curriculums 总课程* datum → data 数据* erratum → errata 写错, 排错, 勘误* medium → media 媒体* memorandum → memoranda, memorandums 备忘* ovum → ova 卵子, 卵细胞* stratum → strata, stratums 岩层, 地层, 阶层* symposium → symposia, symposiums座谈会* agendum → agenda 议程* vacuum → vacua, vacuums 真空, 空虚, 空白* gymnasium → gymnasia 健身房, 体育馆* stadium → stadia, stadiums 体育场* forum → for a, forums 论坛* minimum → minima 最小量* ultimatum → ultimata, ultimatums 最后通牒? 以“ex”或“ix”结尾的转为“ices”：* apex → apices, apexes 顶点* appendix → appendices, appendixes 附录* cervix → cervices, cervixes 宫颈* index → indices, indexes 目录, 索引* matrix → matrices, matrixes 模型, 矩阵* vortex → vortices, vortexes 漩涡? 以“is”结尾的转为“es”：* analysis → analyses 分析, 解析, 纲领* axis → axes 轴线, 中心线* basis → bases 基础, 底座, 基点* crisis → crises 危机, 危机时刻* diagnosis → diagnoses 诊断法, 诊断结论* emphasis → emphases 强调, 重点* hypothesis → hypotheses 假设, 猜想* neurosis → neuroses 神经机能病/官能症* oasis → oases 绿洲, 乐土* parenthesis → parentheses 插入语, 圆括号* synopsis → synopses 摘要, 大纲* thesis → theses 论文, 论题, 论点* ellipsis → ellipses [语]省略* synthesis → syntheses 综合, 合成? 以“on”结尾的转为“a”：* criterion → criteria (批评/判断的)标准* phenomenon → phenomena 现象, 征兆* automaton → automata 机器人, 机械手? 英语中沿用其他语言的规则：? 意大利语：“o”转为“i”* libretto → libretti (歌剧等的)剧本* tempo → tempi 拍子, 节奏, 速度* virtuoso → virtuosi, virtuosos 艺术家* concerto → concerti 协奏曲? 希伯来语：加“im”* cherub → cherubim 小天使* seraph → seraphim 六翼天使? 希腊语：加“ta”* schema → schemata 概要, 计划, 图表* stigma → stigmata 耻辱的标记, 瑕疵二、 不规则名词复数列表（前面提到的除外）A * abacus → abaci, abacuses 算盘* addendum → addenda 附录, 补遗* agendum → agenda 议程* aircraft → aircraft 飞机, 飞行器* alga → algae 水藻* alumna → alumnae [美]女校友* alumnus → alumni 校友* analysis → analyses 分析, 解析, 纲领* antenna → antennas, antennae 天线, 触角* apex → apices, apexes 顶点* appendix → appendices, appendixes 附录* automaton → automata 机器人, 机械手* axis → axes 轴线, 中心线B * bacillus → bacilli 杆菌* bacterium → bacteria 细菌* basis → bases 基础, 底座, 基点* beau → beaux, beaus 情郎, 纨绔子弟* beef → beefs 牛肉* bison → bison 野牛* brace → brace 支架, 背带, 花括号* sister-in-law → sisters-in-law 大小姨子, 大小姑子* buffalo → buffalos, buffaloes, buffalo 水牛* bureau → bureaux, bureaus 局, 机构* bus → busses, buses 公共汽车C * cactus → cactuses, cacti 仙人球, 仙人掌* calf → calves 牛犊* cargo → cargos / cargoes (船/飞机的)货物* cervix → cervices, cervixes 宫颈* cherub → cherubim 小天使* chief → chiefs 首长, 首领* child → children 儿童, 小孩* Chinese → Chinese 中国* cliff → cliffs 悬崖, 峭壁* cod → cod * 鳕鱼* corps → corps 军队, 特种部队* corpus → corpora, corpuses 资料,文集,文献* crisis → crises 危机, 危机时刻* criterion → criteria (批评/判断的)标准* curriculum → curricula, curriculums 总课程D * datum → data 数据* deer → deer 鹿* dice → dice 骰子* dwarf → dwarfs, dwarves 小矮人* diagnosis → diagnoses 诊断法, 诊断结论E * echo → echoes 回声, 反响* elf → elves 小精灵* ellipsis → ellipses [语]省略* embargo → embargoes 禁运, 禁运令* emphasis → emphases 强调, 重点* erratum → errata 写错, 排错, 勘误F * fireman → firemen 消防员* fish → fish, fishes 鱼, 鱼类* focus → focuses 焦点* foot → feet 脚* formula → formulae, formulas 公式, 方程式* forum → for a, forums 论坛* fungus → fungi, funguses 真菌G * genus → genera (动植物的)属, 类* goose → geese 鹅* gallows → gallows 绞刑架* genius → genii, geniuses 天才* goosefoot → goosefoots 藜* grief → griefs 悲伤, 悲痛, 担心* gulf → gulfs 海湾* gymnasium → gymnasia 健身房, 体育馆H * half → halves 一半* halo → halos, haloes 光环* headquarters → headquarters 总部* hero → heroes 英雄* hippopotamus→hippopotami, hippopotamuses 河马* hoof → hoofs, hooves 蹄* hypothesis → hypotheses 假说, 猜想I * index → indices, indexes 目录, 索引K * knife → knives 小刀L * larva → larvae (昆虫的)幼虫* leaf → leaves 树叶* libretto → libretti (歌剧等的)剧本* life → lives 生命* loaf → loaves 一块, 一条(面包等)* louse → lice 虱子* looker-on → lookers-on 围观者M * -man → -men 男人* man doctor → men doctors 男医生* manservant → menservants 男仆* man-time → men-times 人次* man-day → man-days 人日* matrix → matrices, matrixes 模型, 矩阵* means → means 方法, 手段, 途径* medium → media 媒质, 媒介* memorandum → memoranda, memorandums 备忘* millennium → millenniums, milennia* moose → moose 驼鹿* mosquito → mosquitoes, mosquitos 蚊子* mouse → mice 老鼠N * nebula → nebulae, nebulas 星云* neurosis → neuroses 神经机能病/官能症* no → nos / noes 没有* nucleus → nuclei 核心, 原子核O * oasis → oases 绿洲, 乐土* octopus → octopi, octopuses 章鱼* offspring → offspring 子孙, 后裔, 幼崽* optimum → optima 有利条件* ovum → ova 卵子, 卵细胞* ox → oxen 牛, 阉牛P * paralysis → paralyses 麻痹, 瘫痪, 中风* parenthesis → parentheses 插入语, 圆括号* penny → pence 便士* perch → perch * 鲈鱼* person → people 人* phenomenon → phenomena 现象, 征兆R * radius → radii, radiuses 半径S * scarf → scarfs, scarves 围巾, 披肩* schema → schemata 概要, 计划, 图表* seed → seed, seeds 种子* self → selves 自己* seraph → seraphim 六翼天使* series → series 系列* sheaf sheaves [量] 捆, 束, 扎* sheep → sheep 绵羊* shelf → shelves 架子, 搁板* shrimp → shrimp 虾, 小虾* scissors → scissors 剪刀* species → species 物种* stadium → stadia, stadiums 体育场* still life → still lifes 静物画* stimulus → stimuli 刺激物, 促进因素* stratum → strata, stratums 岩层, 地层, 阶层* Swiss → Swiss 瑞士人* syllabus → syllabi, syllabuses 大纲, 提纲* symposium → symposia, symposiums 座谈会* synthesis → syntheses 综合, 合成* synopsis → synopses 摘要, 大纲T * tableau → tableaux, tableaus 舞台造型, 场景* tempo → tempi 拍子, 节奏, 速度* terminus → termini 终点, 目标, 界碑* that → those 那个* thesis → theses 论文, 论题, 论点* thief → thieves 贼, 小偷* this → these 这个* tooth → teeth 牙齿* tornado tornados, tornadoes 龙卷风* torpedo → torpedoes 鱼雷, 水雷