西安英语介绍景点

Banpo Village -- 5,000 B.C.Six to seven thousand years ago, a stable village was built by a late Neolithic people. Banpo had about sixty buildings and housed over 200 people from two clans. It was a matriarchal society based on farming. The houses were thatch over wood beams while the floors were sunk 2 to 3 feet into the ground. Heat was provided by a central fire for the family. They stored food in underground caves, dug deep enough to protect it from wildlife and insects. The month before this trip I was in Chicago and stopped by the Field Museum. They have a model of a native American hut from a plains tribe. The similarity is striking. Food storage, architecture and the organization of the village all brought on déjà vu.The Banpo worked together. They dug a trench around the entire complex both for protection and for drainage. There was a large meeting hall in the center of the village and central storage. Most of the tools (axes, hoes, knives) were of stone, but some implements were of bone (needles for sewing). The stone tools looked remarkably sharp, but it was still fortunate to be in an area where the soil was loose and easily tilled.Art, in the form of geometric designs and human and animal figures is found on many of their pots. The village had their own pottery which produced specialized pots for drinking, storage, cooking, and burial. Although adults were buried in the cemetery outside the village, children and infants were buried alongside the huts in special clay urns. I would like to know why.Over the next 3,000 years the descendants of these people would found new villages, begin to build cities, use jade, bronze, and copper and increase their skills in agriculture. The first dynasty or unified government is called the Xia and lasted from 2200 to 1700 B.C. give or take a few years. After that, change came more rapidly (or appears to from our perspective).Terra-cotta Soldiers -- Qin Dynasty --221-206 B.C.Xi'an is peppered with the enormous tombs of emperors, dukes, generals and other wealthy people who would commence building as soon as they achieved power. Confucius (511-479 B.C.) emphasized that the son owed the father filial piety. This principle applied to the filial duty required of the people to the dukes and the dukes toward the king. This respect carried past the grave; the son showed his respect by giving the father a lavish burial and memorials. Confucius also said that a man should not plan or build his own funeral. It violated the laws of propriety. That seems logical. It would prevent the proper expression of filial duty.But if you are an Emperor. . . In 221 B.C. Ying Zheng (259-210 B.C.), King of Qin, became the First Emperor of Qin, (Qin Shihuangdi), when he managed to consolidate the neighboring states under his rule. He had begun work on his tomb shortly after becoming king of Qin at the age of 13. The work took 39 years. Everything about it is big and grandiose: it covers 56.25 square kilometers; there are terra-cotta models of 8,000 warriors; it took 700,000 workers to complete it; thousands of workers were buried within the tomb; the tomb has pearls embedded in the ceiling to represent the stars; rivers and lakes were modeled using liquid mercury -- the list goes on, even seeing it, you don't get the scope.The First Emperor does not seem to have been someone who enjoys a good argument. Confucianism also stresses the responsibility of the father (emperor) to the son (the people) and teaches that if you tax people too heavily and do not administer by the principle of propriety, your reign will not last and there will be rebellion. Excess was to be avoided. The core of Confucian philosophy is to advise good government. In 222 and 223 B.C. respectively, the First Emperor ordered the burning of books of history and philosophy and the death of 460 Confucian scholars who had the temerity to continue teaching the principles drawn from the past. He may have had them buried alive or just killed.Live burial was an old practice among the Qin. When Duke Mu of Qin died in 621 B.C., 177 slaves, citizens, and followers were buried with him. Duke Jing of Qin had at least 186 people buried with him when he died in 537 B.C. The practice is called "xun" and makes "following to the grave" have new meaning. The people who were buried with the ruler were supposed to continue to protect and serve. Everything that was comfortable and necessary in this life was provided in the next. The First Emperor is supposed to have had the artisans who designed and built his tomb killed so they could not reveal its secrets. The tomb itself has not been opened yet.On the bright side, the First Emperor did not have 8,000 warriors buried with him; the clay models are an advance. The tradition of "xun" may help to explain the great care taken to make each model unique -- each of the 8,000 soldiers has their own facial features, hair-style, and when dressed in the same uniform, the folds and fit are unique. The First Emperor also managed to build over 6,000 miles of road to rival those of the Roman Empire, over a thousand miles of canals for flood control, transportation and irrigation, and consolidated three sections of what would be the Great Wall into a wall of 5,000 li. Just the work on the wall took 10 years and 300,000 soldiers and uncounted numbers of civilians. (Visit the Great Wall page)Qin Shihuangdi centralized the bureaucracy and government to control rival states within the empire. His innovations (travelling inspectors, bureaucrats reporting in a hierarchy, and the unification of the country through roads and canals) laid the foundation for future dynasties. Only by bypassing local control and providing services through the central power could you not only conquer neighboring states, but successfully govern and unite them. Centralization was particularly important in the Yellow and Yangtze regions. Flooding periodically wiped out years of work and required coordinated planning to build canals across territories to control it. The Qin dynasty was quickly overthrown following the death of the First Emperor. Succeeding dynasties expanded the organization developed in the Qin, but returned, in part, to the Confucian principle of governing for the welfare of the people.The Silk RoadThe first Han (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) emperors built upon the foundations of the Qin and expanded their territory enormously. Unlike the Qin, they allowed the cultures of the new territories to remain intact and encouraged trade and commerce among the various parts of the empire.The Han emperor, Wudi, needed allies to guard against threat from a strong neighbor. He had heard of a very strong and rich state to the west. There must have been some amount of travel over long distances at this time for news to have reached Xi'an of countries as far as India. There had been no official contact, so in 119 B.C. Wudi sent Zhang Qian to form an alliance. Just outside his own territory, Zhang Qian and his men were captured by a Hun tribe and held ten years before he could escape and continue his journey. That he continued is one of the amazing parts of the story. The power of the emperor was absolute, you finished your task. The fact that a second envoy does not seem to have been sent after Zhang Qian didn't return in a few years is a second curiosity.Zhang Qian's travels took him toward India. He found the country he sought, but the ruling king thought it was a little impractical to form a defensive alliance at such a distance. When Zhang Qian returned and told Emperor Wudi of what he had seen in these western states, he was sent back with a large delegation and items to trade. Silk was an immediate hit. Over time, silk exports reached as far as Rome where it was a valued commodity. Silk feels wonderful to us now, imagine what it must have felt like to a people who had only worn loomed cottons and wools. Silk takes natural dyes readily, giving strong saturated color. Both cotton and wool mute the most vibrant dyes. So, instead of a defense alliance, they developed one of the first multi-national trade agreements.The effects on art, architecture, farming, and industry were immediate. There were direct imports of new products from the west including alfalfa, pomegranates, grape vines, and fine horses, but the real benefits to both cultures is less tangible. It fires the imagination to find that thoughts can be different from one's own.Walking through the exhibits in the Shaanxi (Shanxi) Provincial Museum is like walking through the history of the Silk Road. You begin with items from the Xia (2200-1700 B.C.) and move through history into the Ming and Qing dynasties. The collection from the Han through the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties shows the changes of art and craftsmanship. It isn't just that the skills have developed and changed, many of the early pieces are detailed and executed to perfection, it is the viewpoint that has changed. The later works have a stronger reality base, a knowledge of the world. We left the museum with regret, so little time. I have provided links to some Chinese Art pages in case you are interested.Big and Little Goose Pagodas -- Buddhism in ChinaThe Silk Road brought all sorts of strange and wonderful ideas to China in addition to the material trade. Politics, family relationships, philosophy, and religion would all be influenced by exposure to new concepts. In 652, Xuan Zang returned from India where he had spent 18 years studying Buddhism. When he returned he brought manuscripts of Buddhist texts to translate into Chinese. He must have had an excellent advance agent, because the emperor sent a huge escort to meet his party and the entire city celebrated his return. The crown prince Li Zhi had built the surrounding temple in 648 and dedicated it to his mother. The Big Goose pagoda was added for the manuscripts brought back by the travelers. When Xuan Zang moved into the temple there was another feast and celebration. Xuan Zang was the equivalent of an astronaut returning to a ticker tape parade. His journey was at least as dangerous and certainly took longer.The quest of Xuan Zang is the basis for a folk tale called The Journey to the West. The tale has many variations: it is performed in opera, has several series of children's books based on it, and there is a feature-length cartoon with the appeal of early Disney. The Monkey King is a rebellious sort who is sent to live inside a mountain until he mends his ways. When Xuan Zang plans his trip, he needs an escort. Buddha is asked if he will allow the Monkey King to take on the task. The Monkey King has his work cut out for him. Shifu (Master = Xuan Zang) trusts everyone, including evil spirits disguised as good spirits. The Monkey King would prefer that this good man were a little more cynical and certainly less innocent. The Monkey King meets terrible forces of evil of every shape and size and defeats them all. The story ends when the group eventually manages to get to the west. Today the story is of the Monkey King's bravery and ability to resist evil. The original story emphasized the need to rebel and not believe everything you hear.The Little Goose Pagoda on the grounds of the Jianfu Temple is called that because it is smaller, although it has more stories. It was completed in 709 A.D. when Buddhism was firmly established in China. The influence of Buddhism was so strong that Daoism, based on the teaching of Lao Zi, gradually adopted many of their rituals to maintain popularity among the people. We were told that the Little Goose Pagoda had lost several stories during an earthquake in the 1500's. It is difficult to tell, it looks complete. It is more delicate looking than the Big Goose with finer detailing in the brickwork. It, like the Big Goose pagoda, housed Buddhist manuscripts and is a part of a temple complex and monastery.________________________________________The Ming WallsSkipping over a few centuries and many name changes, Xi'an during the Ming dynasty was refurbished and returned to prominence as a center of politics and trade. The Ming emperors rebuilt the walls, incorporating one corner left over from the Yuan dynasty in their design. While the architecture of the Ming is steadfastly angular, the curved rampart of Hun design adds grace to the design. The walls are flat and straight, tempting for a 15 K jog.The Bell and Drum Towers were also built during the Ming dynasty. The were used to keep time for the town and sound alarms. When we visited the Bell Tower, we were just in time for a concert. It was good planning on the part of our guide. Tuned bells date back to the 6th century B.C. They can be made of stone, brass, or bronze. The shapes used change over the centuries, those shown here date from the Song dynasty. [These are not the bells used to sound alarms -- they were huge.]

Historical sites in Xi'an:Ruins of Lantian: national key cultural relics protection units. Is located in Xi'an City, 50 kilometers southeast of Lantian County, Chen Wo Village and the public Wang ling.

兵马俑:The Terra Cotta Warriors华清池Huaqing pool西安城墙Xi'an city Wall半坡遗址 Half way up the mountain site 阿房宫遗址 Palace site of room of A骊山Li mountain 小雁塔Small Wild Goose Pagoda 华山:Mount Hua 兴庆公园Xingqing Park.钟楼 bell tower 鼓楼 drum-tower慈恩寺benevolence

西安Xi'an西安，古称长安、镐京，是陕西省会、副省级市、关中平原城市群核心城市、中国西部地区重要的国家中心城市，国家重要的科研、教育、工业基地。西安是中国四大古都之一，联合国科教文组织于1981年确定的“世界历史名城”，美媒评选的世界十大古都之一。西安地处关中平原中部，北濒渭河，南依秦岭，八水润长安。下辖11区2县，总面积10108平方公里。拥有西咸新区、陕西自贸区、西安港等经济工业高地。2016年末常住人口883.21万，其中城镇人口648.54万 。长安自古帝王都，其先后有西周、秦、西汉、新莽、东汉、西晋、前赵、前秦、后秦、西魏、北周、隋、唐13个王朝在此建都。是中华文明和中华民族重要发祥地，丝绸之路起点。丰镐都城、秦阿房宫、兵马俑，汉未央宫、长乐宫，隋大兴城，唐大明宫、兴庆宫等勾勒出“长安情结”。西安是中国最佳旅游目的地、全国文明城市之一，有两项六处遗产被列入《世界遗产名录》，分别是：秦始皇陵及兵马俑、大雁塔、小雁塔、唐长安城大明宫遗址、汉长安城未央宫遗址、兴教寺塔。另有西安城墙、钟鼓楼、华清池、终南山、大唐芙蓉园、陕西历史博物馆、西安碑林等景点。西安也是国家重要的科教中心，拥有西安交通大学、西北工业大学、西安电子科技大学等7所“双一流”建设高校。 2018年2月，国家发展和改革委员会、住房和城乡建设部发布《关中平原城市群发展规划》支持西安建设国家中心城市、国际性综合交通枢纽、建成具有历史文化特色的国际化大都市。Xi'an, formerly known as Chang'an and Bianjing, is an important national center city in the capital of Shaanxi, a sub-provincial city, a key city group in the Guanzhong Plain, and an important national center city in the western part of China. It is also an important national scientific research, education, and industrial base. Xi'an is one of China's four ancient capitals, and the UNESCO World Heritage City was established in 1981. It is one of the top ten ancient capitals in the world.Xi'an is located in the middle of the Guanzhong Plain, north of the Wei River, south of the Qinling Mountains, and eight waters running Chang'an. Under the jurisdiction of 11 districts and 2 counties, the total area of 10108 square kilometers. It has economic and industrial highlands such as Xixian New District, Shaanxi Free Trade Zone and Xi'an Port. At the end of 2016, the resident population was 8,831,100, of which the urban population was 6,485,400.Chang'an has been an imperial capital since ancient times. It has successively established the capitals of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Xinyi, Eastern Han Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty, Qianzhao, Qianqin, Houqin, Xiwei, Beizhou, Sui and Tang dynasties. It is the birthplace of the Chinese civilization and the Chinese nation and the starting point of the Silk Road. Fengchang Capital City, Qin Afang Palace, Terracotta Warriors, Hanweiyang Palace, Changle Palace, Daxing City, Tang Daming Palace, Xingqing Palace, etc. outline the “Chang'an complex”.Xi'an is one of China's best tourist destinations and a national civilized city. Two of the six heritage sites have been listed on the World Heritage List: Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors and Horses, Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Small Wild Goose Pagoda, and Tang Changcheng Daming Palace. Sites, Han Chang'an City Weiyanggong Site, Xingjiao Temple Tower. There are Xi'an City Wall, Bell and Drum Tower, Huaqing Pool, Zhongnan Mountain, Datang Furong Garden, Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an Stele Forest and other attractions. Xi'an is also an important science and education center in the country. It has seven "two-class" universities, including Xi'an Jiaotong University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, and Xi'an Electronic and Science University.In February 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the "Guangzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration Development Plan" to support Xi'an in building a national central city, an international integrated transportation hub, and building an international metropolis with historical and cultural characteristics.