lathermatthaus
动词的语气——虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)一、语气的定义和种类l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2、语气的种类：(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法 条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下: 与现在事实相反: 从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were） 主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词 主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词与将来事实相反 : 从句:动词过去式，should + 动词原形， 主句 :were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在) 5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式: (l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。 (2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)三、虚拟语气的其他用法l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had+过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would+动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。 (2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他都去办公室。 (2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had+过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。 注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。 4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
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提高英语翻译水平注意点：
1、反复练习
不管我们做什么文件的翻译稿，行业、语种方法都要自己去多学多了解才懂的多，如果我们会一样东西，天天都只会一样东西，时代更新词汇很快，你要一直停留在你会的那样的东西中，你就会慢慢变得什么都不会了。所以说，不管我们是当一名译员，还是一名写作家，都要不断反复练习，新旧的东西都要学，免得遗忘或跟不上时代的脚步。
2、翻译精准
要做好翻译工作，不是简单的把语言翻译过来就可以的，是要每个转换的的语言都要句句精准，这样才能完全表达原文的意思。因此我们才要求译者除去语言的准确之外，也要加强我们汉语的修养。
3、实践很重要
翻译其实是一种实践很强的语言活动，我们要想提高自己必须通过大量的翻译实践。当然，实践也是很讲究的，我们可以找一些我们水平相当的稿件进行练习，然后从自己翻译的文章跟别人翻译的文章进行对比，从中找出自己不足的地方进行改进，循序渐进的提高自己的翻译能力。
送哦夏季
Now, the VOA Special English program WORDS AND THEIR STORIES.现在是VOA慢速英语词汇掌故节目。Have you ever considered all the English expressions that include words about clothes? Let's see if I can name a few off the cuff, or without any preparation.你有没有留意过和衣服相关词汇的英语表达？让我们看看我是否可以即席（off the cuff）说出一些，即席的意思是不预先做任何准备。People wear pants to cover the lower part of their bodies. We sometimes say that people who are restless or nervous have ants in their pants. They might also fly by the seat of their pants. They use their natural sense to do something instead of their learned knowledge. Sometimes, people may get caught with their pants down. They are found doing something they should not be doing. And, in every family, one person takes control. Sometimes a wife tells her husband what to do. Then we say she wears the pants in the family.人们穿着短裤以遮掩身体下部。我们有时形容紧张不安的人裤裆里有蚂蚁（ants in their pants）。他们也可能是fly by the seat of their pants，也就是说他们凭直觉而不是他们所学的知识来做一些事情。有时，人们可能会caught with their pants down，意思是他们被发现正在做一些不应该做的事。此外，每一个家庭都有当家人。有时妻子会吩咐丈夫怎么做，我们就说，她在这个家里当家做主（wears the pants in the family）。Pants usually have pockets to hold things. Money that is likely to be spent quickly can burn a hole in your pocket. Sometimes you need a belt to hold up your pants. If you have less money than usual, you may have to tighten your belt. You may have to live on less money and spend your money carefully. But once you have succeeded in budgeting your money, you will have that skill under your belt.裤子通常都有装东西的口袋。花钱如流水就像口袋上烧了个洞（burn a hole in your pocket）。有时你需要用皮带系住裤子。如果较之平常钱少，你可能不得不勒紧腰带（tighten your belt），也就是说您可能只能靠更少的钱生活，并且精打细算。但是，一旦您成功地对钱做好预算，你就扎实地（under your belt)获得了做预算的本事。I always praise people who can save their money and not spend too much. I really take my hat off to them. Yet, when it comes to my own money, I spend it at the drop of a hat – immediately, without waiting. And sadly, you cannot pull money out of a hat. You cannot get money by inventing or imagining it.我总是赞扬那些节省、不大手大脚的人。我真的take my hat off to them（佩服他们）。然而，当涉及到自己的钱，我总是立马（at the drop of a hat）花个精光。而可悲的是，你不能pull money out of a hat，也就是说你不能靠空变出钱来。 Boots are a heavy or strong kind of shoes. People who are too big for their boots think they are more important than they really are. I dislike such people. I really do. You can bet your boots on that. Yet, truly important people are hard to replace. Rarely can you fill their shoes or replace them with someone equally effective.靴子是一种沉重结实的鞋。自负的人（People who are too big for their boots）把自己想得比实际重要。我不喜欢这样的人，真的。你可以bet your boots（赌上你的靴子，即深信不疑）。然而，真正重要的人是难以替代，你很难fill their shoes（适合他们的靴子，即取代他们）。 My father is an important person. He runs a big company. He wears a suit and tie, and a shirt with sleeves that cover his arms. Some people who do not know him well think he is too firm and severe. They think he is a real stuffed shirt. But I know that my father wears his heart on his sleeve. He shows his feelings openly. And, he knows how to keep his shirt on. He stays calm and never gets angry or too excited.我父亲是一个重要的人，他经营一家大公司。他总是衣着考究，西装革履。不了解他的人认为他太古板严厉。他们认为他爱摆架子（a real stuffed shirt）。但我知道我的父亲十分直爽坦率（wears his heart on his sleeve），他会直接表明他的感受。而且，他知道如何keep his shirt on，意思是他能保持冷静，从不生气或兴奋过头。Also, my father has never lost his shirt in a business deal. He is too smart to lose all or most of his money. This is because my father rolls up his sleeves and prepares to work hard. He often has a special plan or answer to a problem that he can use if he needs it. He is like a person who does magic tricks. We say he has a card up his sleeve.此外，我父亲在生意场上从未失手过（lost his shirt）。也就说他足够聪明，不会损失他全部或大部分资金。这是因为我父亲rolls up his sleeves，也就是说他做好了努力工作的准备。他常常对问题有特殊的方案或解决方法，在需要时用得上。他像个魔术师。我们说他有制胜法宝（a card up his sleeve）
triangelrain
您的问题很简单。呵呵。百度知道很高兴帮助您解决您提出的问题。原句： 现在翻译： now；at present；today；nowadays；these days；at the momentnow ： 英[naʊ] 美[naʊ]；adv. 现在；如今；立刻；adj. 现在的；n. 现在；目前；conj. 由于；既然present ： 英['prez(ə)nt] 美['prɛznt]；vt. 提出；介绍；呈现；赠送；vi. 举枪瞄准；adj. 现在的；出席的；n. 现在；礼物；瞄准百度知道永远给您最专业的英语翻译。just now刚才；眼下；现在；方才now that既然；由于；既是；因为right now现在；立刻；此刻；马上join now参加；现在加入；点击注册；到场Apply Now立即应用；现在申请；立即申请；马上申请Install Now现在安装；立即安装；开始安装；立刻安装Sleep now现在；安睡吧；睡吧；供应安睡丸but now刚刚；但是现在；可是如今；但如今now playing正在播放；现在播放；正在播放中；演唱现在开始up to now 到目前为止 just now 刚才；眼下 for now 目前，暂时 from now on 从现在开始 by now 到目前为止；到如今 until now 至今，直到现在，迄今为止 even now 即使到现在；尽管这样 till now 到现在为止，迄今 now and then 偶尔；有时 now what 又怎么了（表示感到厌烦）；现在该怎么办 there now [表示警告或引起注意等]看，瞧 here and now 此时此地；立刻 now then 那么；喂 do it now 现在开始；立即行动 every now and then 不时地；常常 as of now 此刻，眼下 now or never 勿失良机，机不可失；把握现在 before now 过去，以前 where are you now 你现在哪里 apply now 立即应用；马上申请；在线申请 present value[金融] 现值；面值；[金融] 现时值；当前值present members出席人员；出席职员；列席职员；盛大出席职员present tense现在式；现在时；现在时态；一般现在时Present Hunting礼物直升机birthday present生日礼物；三把黑雨伞；物轻情重；生日贺礼present state现状present status现状；目前地位present transfer即时转移Present Occupation目前职业；现行职业；现任职务present oneself 出席 at present 目前，现在 present situation 现状 at the present 目前；当前 present condition 目前的状态 present status 现状 for the present 暂时，目前 present something at someone 举枪对准某人瞄准，用(武器)对准某人 present time 目前；现在时（时态） present at 出席；在场 at the present time 目前 birthday present 生日礼物 present value 现值 present with 赠（礼物） past and present 过去与现在 live in the present 活在当下 at the present stage 在现阶段；目前 net present value 净现值，现在净价值；纯现价 present itself vt. 出现，呈现 the present day 目前；当代
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一只泡芙er
1. C由后句but...可知前句为对过去动作的虚拟，所以用would have done sth结构。单句出现的虚拟语气，除了if only引导的句子之外，都是主句。2. B可以省略if的条件状语从句中，被提前的句首词只能是should/were/had，排除ACD.此题为对将来动作的虚拟。3．Aso that的虚拟语气，要求其从句谓语由“情态动词 + 动词原形”构成。4. A该题从would you have called her up if it had been possible?来看，是对过去动作的虚拟，所以but后面所表示的实际情况发生在过去，所以用过去进行时为最佳答案。5. B该题从前句Tom would buy that bicycle是对现在动作的虚拟，所以but后面引导的表示实际情况的句子时态为一般现在时。6. A从句意来看，答句是对将来动作的虚拟，所以主句用would do sth.7．Ahad it not been for the policeman = if it had not been for the policeman，表明是对过去的虚拟，所以主句用would have done sth.8．D此题but之后为实际的现在的情况，并非虚拟，所以只用have即可。
