英国经济英文ppt

The British economy is based on the Anglo-Saxon model, focusing on the principles of liberalisation, the free market, and low taxation and regulation. Based on market exchange rates, the United Kingdom is the fifth-largest economy in the world (2006), the second largest in Europe after Germany, and the sixth-largest overall by purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates.The British were the first in the world to enter the Industrial Revolution, and, like most industrialising countries at the time, initially concentrated on heavy industries such as shipbuilding, coal mining, steel production, and textiles. The empire created an overseas market for British products, allowing the United Kingdom to dominate international trade in the 19th century. However, as other nations industrialised and surplus labour from agriculture began to dry up, the United Kingdom started to lose its economic advantage. As a result, heavy industry declined throughout the 20th century. The British service sector, however, has grown substantially, and now makes up about 73% of GDP.The service sector of the United Kingdom is dominated by financial services, especially inbanking and insurance. London is one of the world's largest financial centres with the London Stock Exchange, the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange, and the Lloyd's of London insurance market all based in the city. It also has the largest concentration of foreign bank branches in the world. In the past decade, a rival financial centre in London has grown in the Docklands area, with HSBC, Citigroup, and Barclays Bank all relocating their head offices there. The Scottish capital, Edinburgh also has a large financial sector, the sixth largest in Europe.Tourism is very important to the British economy. With over 27 million tourists a year, the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world.The British manufacturing sector, however, has greatly diminished since World War II. It is still a significant part of the economy, but only accounted for one-sixth of national output in 2003. The British motor industry is a significant part of this sector, although all large-volume producers are now foreign-owned. Civil and defence aircraft production is led by the United Kingdom's largest aerospace firm, BAE Systems, and the pan-European consortium known as Airbus. Rolls-Royce holds a major share of the global aerospace engines market. The chemical and pharmaceutical industry is also strong in the UK, with the world's second and third largest pharmaceutical firms (GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, respectively) being based in the UK. The United Kingdom's agriculture sector is small by European standards, accounting for only 0.9% of GDP. The UK though has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves. Primary energy production accounts for about 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial state.The currency of the UK is pound sterling, represented by the symbol £. The Bank of England is the central bank and is responsible for issuing currency, although banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland retain the right to issue their own notes, subject to retaining enough Bank of England notes in reserve to cover the issue. The UK chose not to join the Euro on that currency's launch, although the government has pledged to hold a public referendum for deciding membership if "five economic tests" are met. Currently UK public opinion is against the notion. Control over the economy is exercised by the Chancellor of the Exchequer (currently Gordon Brown), but the Prime Minister (currently Tony Blair), is First Lord of the Treasury, with the Chancellor of the Exchequer being Second Lord.

二战后英国经济发展The Evolution of the British Economy since the WarThe evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods：（1） Steady development in the 50s and 60s： The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption.（2） Economic recession in the 70s： In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of trade deficits.（3） Economic recovery in the 80s： An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.Measures taken by Mrs. Thatcher\'\'s government to improve the economyMrs. Thatcher\'\'s government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.（1） Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price stability.（2） Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility.Reasons for the British coal mining is called a “sick” industry today.英国煤矿被称为“生病”工业的原因。Today the coal industry in Britain is on the decline，the number of miners, collieries and the total output have been falling.The reasons for the decline are as follows： exhaustion of old mines, costly operations of extraction, poor old equipment, little investment, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner, cheaper and more efficient fuels, etc.Main problems associated with Britain\'s iron and steel industry today.The main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside, and Northern Ireland.New IndustriesNew industries include microprocessors and computers, biotechnology and other high-tech industries. There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth： （1）.the area between London and South Wales, （2）.the Cambridge area of East Anglia and （3）.the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is now often referred to as the “Silicon Glen”. By the end of 1985 half of Britain\'s microchip output was estimated to have come from Scotland.

The Economy 英国经济 I. The Evolution of the British Economy since the War The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods: 二战后英国经济发展可分为三个阶段： (1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption. （1）战后50-60年代平稳发展时期。其主要特点是经济缓慢而持续增长，失业率低，物质丰富，人民消费水平不断增长。 (2) Economic recession in the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of trade deficits. （2）70年代经济滞胀。在70年代，英国在所有的发达资本主义国家中，始终保持最低经济增长率，最高的通货膨胀率，和最高的贸易赤字纪录。 (3) Economic recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments. （3）80年代经济复苏。一个显著特点是时间长，复苏持续了7年。另一个特点是国际收支大大盈余，政府金融地位最高。 Measures taken by Mrs. Thatcher's government to improve the economy Mrs. Thatcher's government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies. 撒切尔政府运用宏观经济政策和微观经济政策，采取许多措施提高经济效益。 (1) Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price stability. 宏观经济政策直接针对降低通货膨胀率和维持物价稳定。 (2) Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility. 微观经济政策旨在通过鼓励实业，效率和灵活性共同努力提高市场竞争力。 Reasons for the British coal mining is called a "sick" industry today. Reasons for the British coal mining is called a "sick" industry today. 英国煤矿被称为"生病"工业的原因。 Today the coal industry in Britain is on the decline，the number of miners, collieries and the total output have been falling. 如今的英国煤矿业衰退，从而导致矿工、煤矿的数量和总产量都大大下降。 The reasons for the decline are as follows: exhaustion of old mines, costly operations of extraction, poor old equipment, little investment, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner, cheaper and more efficient fuels, etc. 煤工业衰退的原因包括：老煤矿的枯竭，昂贵的提炼费用，破旧的设备，极少的投资，由于进口更干净、更便宜、更高效的燃料导致的需求下降等等。 Britain's oil and natural gas 英国的石油和天然气 Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea. Today Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export. The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the food supply, because most agriculture is highly mechanized. Modern farming requires things which are all oil-based. 在1965年及1970年在北海发现天然气和石油。今天英国的石油不仅能自给自足，还有盈余供出口。交通和家庭供热系统主要依靠石油，因为大部分农业的高度机械化，食品供应也靠石油。 Main problems associated with Britain's iron and steel industry today. 如今英国钢铁工业的主要问题。 British iron and steel industry is declining for the following reasons: 英国钢铁工业衰退的原因如下： 1. Local supplies of iron ore have become exhausted; 当地贮备枯竭； 2. Old fashioned furnaces for making coke cannot recover valuable by-products; 他们生产焦炭的老式炉不能提取有价值的副产品， 3. Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling mills are often separated from each other and thus cannot perform as well as more compact operation; 高炉、钢铁厂和轧钢厂经常分开，导致不如更紧凑的企业出效益； 4. Many steelworks have to be closed down, causing major unemployment in an area. 许多钢

玩过帝国么...公元前地海伊比利亚人比克人凯尔特人先来列颠公元1-5世纪大列颠岛东南部罗马帝国统治罗马人撤走欧洲北部盎格鲁人、萨克逊人、朱特人相继入侵并定居7世纪开始形成封建制度许多小国并成七王国争雄达200年之久史称盎格鲁—撒克逊时代 829年威塞克斯国王爱格伯特统了英格兰8世纪末遭丹麦人侵袭1016年至1042年丹麦海盗帝国部分其经英王短期统治1066年诺曼底公爵渡海征服英格兰1215年约翰王被迫签署大宪章王权遭抑制 1338年至1453年英法进行百年战争英国先胜败1588年击败西班牙无敌舰队树立海上霸权1640年英国全球第爆发资产阶级革命成资产阶级革命先驱1649年5月19日宣布成立共和国1660年王朝复辟1668年发生光荣革命确定了君主立宪制1707年英格兰与苏格兰合并1801年又与爱尔兰合并 18世纪半叶至19世纪上半叶成世界上第完成工业革命国家19世纪大英帝国全盛时期1914年占有殖民地比本土大111倍第殖民大国自称日落帝国第次世界大战开始衰败英国于1920年设立北爱兰郡并于1921年至1922年允许爱尔兰南部脱离其统治成立独立国家1931年颁布威斯敏斯特法案被迫承认其自治领内政、外交上独立自主大英帝国殖民体系从此动摇第二次世界大战经济实力大削弱政治地位下降随着1947年印度和巴基斯坦相继独立60年代英帝国殖民体系瓦解1973年1月加入欧共体 直近几世纪之前大列颠岛由几同国家所占据之前英国历史些国家之间彼此纷争历史英格兰来成了主宰力量大列颠面大旗下与其国家同时期合并起来形成了现联合王国 BC Iberian Mediterranean, BAK, Celtics, had come to Britain. 1-5 Year century Great Britain for the south-east of the Roman Empire rule. After the withdrawal of the Romans, the Anglo people in northern Europe, the Saxons, and Jutes people one after another invasion and settlement. 7th century feudal system began to take shape, and many of the small country into seven of the Kingdom, for hegemony over 200 years, known as the "Anglo - Saxon times." 829 King of Wessex in love Gebert unified England. 8 Denmark were hit by the end of the century, from 1016 to 1042 for Denmark piracy empire. Following a short-term rule of King, Duke of Normandy in 1066 crossing the conquest of England. 1215 King John to sign Magna Carta, the monarchy has been inhibited. From 1338 to 1453 the British and French for "Hundred Years War," to win the British after the defeat. Beat Spain in 1588, "Armada", to establish supremacy at sea. Britain in 1640 in the world's first outbreak of the bourgeois revolution, to become bourgeois revolution. May 19, 1649 announced the establishment of the Republic. Dynasty restoration in 1660, in 1668 occurred in the "Glorious Revolution", defined the constitutional monarchy. 1707 England and Scotland merged in 1801 with the merger of Ireland. The second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century to become the world's first industrial revolution in the country. 19th century British Empire is the peak, in 1914 the colonial possession of more than 111 times that of the local large, is the first colonial power, claiming to be "the sun does not set the Empire." After the First World War began to decline. Britain in 1920 set up the North County Ailan, and from 1921 to 1922 to allow Ireland in the south from its rule, the establishment of an independent country. Westminster bill enacted in 1931, was forced to admit its dominion in the internal affairs and foreign policy of independence, the British Empire from the colonial system shaken. World War II greatly weaken the economic strength and political status of the decline. With the 1947 India and Pakistan's independence one after another, until age 60, of the British Empire collapse of the colonial system. January 1973 accession to the European Community. Until recently the centuries before the island of Great Britain by a number of different countries take in the history of Britain before it is the dispute between these countries history. England became the dominate force in the "Great Britain" It's large, with other countries at different times combine to form the United Kingdom now.

八十年代债务危机 1981年—1982年 The debt crisis in 1981 eighty - 1982 1981年，危机从墨西哥开始。其到期的公共债务本息达到268．3亿美元，墨西哥无力支付本息，要求国外银行准许延期 支付，但是遭到拒绝。政府不得不在1982年夏宣布无限期关闭兑汇市场，暂停偿付 外债等措施，从此爆发了债务危机。其后，巴西、阿根廷、秘鲁等国家也相继告急。如果拉美国家 发生倒帐，作为债主的西方几百家大银行将不堪设想。 In 1981, the crisis began in Mexico. The maturity of public debt and interest of $26830000000, Mexico cannot afford to pay the principal and interest, requirements of foreign bank extension of payment, but was rejected. The government had declared a closed indefinitely foreign exchange market in the summer of 1982, suspend repaying debt and other measures, from the outbreak of the debt crisis. Subsequently, Brazil, Argentina, Peru and other countries also have an emergency. If Latin American countries have bad debt, creditor Western hundreds of big banks will be unbearable to contemplate. 1990年以来，世界先后发生多次经济危机：美国1987年危机 1990年的日本房产泡沫 1994－1995年墨西哥金融危机以及1997年东南亚金融危机等涉及范围较广、影响较大的金融危机美国1987年危机 1987年—1992年 1987 1987 - 1992 American crisis 1987年10月19日，又是一个“黑色星期一”，道指当天狂跌508点，日跌幅达22.61%，道指从前日收市的2246.74点跌至1738.74点收盘。这一日跌幅排道指有史以来的第二高。美国爆发的这一“股灾”，也引发了全球股市的同步暴跌。1991年1月17日—2月28日，以美国为首多国部队发动了海湾战争。这次危机经历约两年半的始发阶段(即1987年10月至1990年初)，再经历了为时三个季度的恶化阶段（1990年），又经历了历史约两年半的危机后期阶段，共历时五年又三个季度。In October 19, 1987, it is a "black Monday", the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 508 points, or 22.61%, the day before the closing, the Dow 2246.74 points to close at 1738.74 points. Since that day fall Dow has the history of second - row. This "crash" USA outbreak, also caused the collapse of global stock market synchronization. January 17, 1991 - February 28th, the USA led multinational forces launched the Gulf war. About two and a half years experience at the beginning of this crisis (1987 October to early 1990), and then experienced a deterioration stage for three quarter (1990), and again after the crisis at a later stage of history about two and a half years, lasted five years and three months. 日本房产泡沫 1990年 The Japanese real estate bubble in 1990 日本在20世纪90年代暴发的经济危机,被称为是日本“失去的十年”。此次危机以1991年初四大证券公司舞弊丑闻被曝光为暴发点,经济形势急转直下,从泡沫景气转为衰退和萧条。Japan outbreak in twentieth Century 90's economic crisis, known as Japan's "lost ten years". The crisis in 1991 on the big securities fraud scandal for the outbreak of a sudden turn for the worse, economic situation, from the bubble boom to recession and depression. 墨西哥金融危机 1994年—1995年 The financial crisis in Mexico in 1994 - 1995 亚州金融危机 1997年—1998年 The Asian financial crisis in 1997 - 1998 互联网泡沫危机 2000年—2001年The Internet bubble crisis in 2000 - 2001 回顾三百年世界经济历史 迄今为止出现的以滞胀为特征（生产停滞或缓慢发展和通货膨胀现象）的严重世界性经济 分别是1973年至1975年 第十八次经济危机 1979年至1982年第十九次经济危机A review of world economic history of three hundred years so far appear to stagflation characterized (production stagnation or slow development and the phenomenon of inflation) severe world economic respectively from 1973 to 1975 eighteenth economic crisis from 1979 to 1982 nineteenth economic crises 一般来说,出现经济危机时市场需求减少,消费低迷,导致物价指数下降,CPI降低,高速通货膨胀的现象不会出现，除非某些特殊因素 比如战争 滥发货币等。 Generally speaking, the economic crisis, the market demand, consumer downturn, leading to price index drops, CPI reduced, a high rate of inflation does not occur, unless some special factors such as war overissue currency. 像这种靠年代内驱力带动的高膨胀率 在繁荣期通过工资福利的提高带动的旺盛需求来消化，通胀造成的货币贬值还可以通过工资福利的提高来抵消 但是危机年代里碰上高通胀的问题，情况就变得尤其恶劣，百业萧条，原料价格上升导致企业成本上升，大部分中小企业举步维艰 面临停工半停工破产倒闭的危险，失业率大幅上升，工作没有保障，工资会福利会缩水减少，而且手中的钱因通胀而变得不值钱。捂紧钱袋子不敢消费，除了基本的生活花销外，其他的消费市场必定萎靡，进一步加剧了萧条。Like the time drive to drive the high expansion rate to digest in the boom by strong demand wage welfare improvement driven by inflation, currency devaluation can also through the wages and welfare increase to offset but the crisis years with high inflation problem, the situation becomes especially bad, All business languishes., raw material prices lead to rising the rise in the cost of enterprise, the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises have faced off half down the danger of bankruptcy, sharply rising unemployment, job insecurity, wages would reduce welfare will shrink, but in the hands of money due to inflation and become worthless. Wujin pocketbook not consumption, in addition to the basic living expenses, other consumer market will slump, further exacerbated the depression. 为什么会在这两个经济危机年代出现高物价高膨胀的现象，通过年代的相关性规律性就很容易解释得通，物价该涨的年代必涨，该跌的年代必跌。大道致简的道理，正如三百年世界经济的繁荣 衰退往返循环一样，有高峰就有低谷，并且按照预定好的年代执行，该涨就涨，该跌就跌。正如调好的闹钟，到了那个点比必被激发敲响。