英语词汇学课本pdf

不知道 你们是什么课本 这个是我们上学期考过的 Lexicology—a branch of linguistics concerned with the vocabulary of the English language in respect to words and word equivalents Word—word is a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function. Native/Borrow words—words of Anglo-Saxon origion or of Old English are native words. While those borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. The basic word stock—is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs. Common words—are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. Literary words—are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. Colloquial words—In contrast with literary words,* are used mainly in spoken English, as in conversation among friends and colleagues. Slang words—words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature. Invented for specific occasions or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. Technical words—refer to those words used in various special fields. Every branch of science,every profession or trade,every art and every sort of sport has its own technical terms. Function words—are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so forth. Morpheme—the minimal meaningful unit of the English language,possesses both sound and meaning. Free morpheme—is one that can stand by itself as a complete utterance. Bound morpheme—can not exist on its own;it must appear with at least one other morpheme,free or bound. Affixes—is a “collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.” Hybrid—is a word made up of elements from two or more different languages. Word-formation rules—the rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words. Root—is a form which is not further analysable,either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. Base—is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Compounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a compound word. Derivation—is a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element,such as a prefix,suffix or combining form,to an already existing word. Prefixation—is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base. Suffixation—is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base,and usually changing the word-class of the base. Conversion—is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. Initialism—is a type of shortening,using the first letters of words to form a proper name,a technical term,or a phrase;an initialism is pronounced letter by letter. Acronyms—are words formed from the intial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term,etc. Clipping—the process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word,which is also available in its full form.—back Clipping+front Clipping Blending—is a process of word formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meaning and sounds of two words,one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.-- chinglish Back-formation—is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. Reduplication—is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word. Neoclassical--* formation demotes the process by which new words are formed elements derived from Latin and Greek. Conventionality—most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently ,there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.There is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other. Motivation—refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense. Denotative meaning—is the central factor in linguistic communication. Connotative meaning—refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one`s mind. Social or stylistic meaning—is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstance of its use. Affective meaning—is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer. Polysemy—is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. Homonymy—In the English language,there are many pairs or groups of words,which,though different in meaning,are pronounced alike,or spelled alike,or both.Such words are called homonymy. Synonym—a word having the same meaning as another word. Hyponymy—is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is ‘included’ in the latter.

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