决定英语句型的

英语的句子在结构上可以归纳为五个基本句型。A．第一基本句型【例译】1．正在下着雨。2．我的哥哥很用功。3．我每天早晨六点钟起床。4．日出于东而没于西。5．比尔和吉姆每天都一起读书一起玩。解说各例句的黑体字是主语，斜体字是谓语动词。主语通常是一个，但是也可以如例5有两个，甚至两个以上都可以成立。谓语动词也是一个较为普通，但是也可以如例4，5有两上，甚至更多也能成立。本句型的Vi．属于完全不及物动词（Complete intransitive verb）．注：“There + be（Vi． ） + S…”也是属于第一基本句型。例如：例：There is an alarm clock on her desk.（她的书桌上有一个闹钟。）例：There stands a tower on the hill.（小山上耸立着一座塔。）B．第二基本句型【例译】1．我的名字是汤姆。2．约翰和玛丽是同班同学。3．你准备好了吗？4．所有的问题都不容易回答。5．你的梦想一定能实现的。6．这些玫瑰花看起来很美，闻起来也很香。解说各例句的黑体字是主语，斜体字是谓语动词，字底加线的是主语补语。什么是主语补语？请观察：①My name is（我的名字是）②These roses look（这些玫瑰花看起来）上面两例虽各有可作主语的名词“name”和“roses”，也有谓语动词“is”和“look”，但是句意不清楚，无法表达完整的句意，所以不是句子。现在若在例1之后加“Tom”，例2之后加“very beautiful”，那么句意就完整地表达出来了。像这样，一个词（通常是n．pron．或adj．）在谓语部分里补充说明主语者就叫做主语补语。主语补语通常是一个，但是依表达的需要也可以有两个（如例6），或更多。谓语动词需要取主语补语才能把句意表达完整者叫做不完全不及物动词（Incomplete intransitive verb）。注：下列常见“It…”句式也是属于第二基本句型。1．It + be + a/n .+ to v…（不定式）例：It is nice to see you again.（能再和你见面真好。）例：It is your duty to take care of your mother.（照顾你的妈妈是你的责任。）2．It + be +adj +for +o + to V…例：It is easy for us to learn to speak English.（学习说英语对我们来说是容易的。）C．第三基本句型【例译】1．现在我们正在学习句型。2．海伦做她的课外作业都很小心。3．昨天你看到他了吗？4．我们的英语老师林先生会说英语和日语。5．大部分的小孩都爱阅读故事。解说各例句的黑体字是主语，斜体字是谓语动词，字底加线的是直接宾语。直接宾语（请参阅L-3，第3节，D，注）通常以名词、代词（宾格）为多，其他如不定式、动名词（如例5）、或名词从句等也可用。直接宾语也可以取两个（如例4），或两个以上。谓语动词取了直接宾语就能表达完整的句意者叫做完全及物动词（Complete transitive verb）。D．第四基本句型【例译】1．她的伯父昨天给了她一件很好的礼物。2．请给我们一些吃的东西。3．这位老师常给这些男、女生讲有趣的故事。4．她的父亲上星期买了一只新的手表给他。5．我的美国朋友比尔在几天前写了一封信给我。解说本句型的谓语动词所发出的动作有两个对象，一为“人或动物等”，称为间接宾语，另一为“物或事”，称为直接宾语。本句型也可以把“D.O.”置于“I.O.”之前表达如下：Her uncle gave a nice present to HER yesterday.His father bought a new watch for HIM last week.如上例所示，本句型即变为：至此我们可以明白，间接宾语实际上是介词的宾语，不过因为它间接地也是谓语动词所发出的动作的对象，所以称为间接宾语。取间接宾语和直接宾语的谓语动词叫做授与动词（Dative verb）。本句式在语序上以“I.O.+D.O.”较普通，尤其是“I.O.”为简短的一个名词或代词时，无论是对话或文体，通常都使用“I.O.+D.O.”。所以通常应该说：Give the BOY something to eat.（给那男孩吃的东西。）Make ME a cup of hot coffee, please.（请泡一杯热咖啡给我。）而避免说：Give something to eat to the BOY.Make a cup of hot coffee for ME, please.“I.O.”置于“D.O.”之后时，介词或用“to”，或用“for”，通常都是由Vt．来决定，因此在学习过程中请随时注意。E．第五基本句型【例译】1．他们都叫他“小胖”。2．他使他的年老的母亲很快乐。3．老师经常都要我们坐得端正。4．你有办法发动这部汽车吗？解说本句型的“O.C.”是宾语补语。那么什么是宾语补语？请观察例2如下的说明：He made his old mother（他使得他的年老的母亲）这个词群虽有主语、谓语动词和宾语，完全符合第三基本句型的条件，可是这个词群并没有表达完整的句意，所以不是句子。如果在这个词群的宾语之后再加“very HAPPY”（如例2），那么句意就完整清楚了。在这句里谁是“very HAPPY”？“He”or“mother”？当然是“mother”。因此：定义 置于宾语之后补充说明宾语者叫做宾语补语（Object Complement）。谓语动词需取宾语补语才能完整清楚地表达其句意者称为不完全及物动词（Incomplete transitive verb）。注：1．一般的英语词典对动词的标示只作“Vi．”或“Vt．”两种，至于“完全Vi．”，或“不完全Vi．”；“完全Vt．”或“不完全Vt．”则须自行判断了解。2．绝大多数的动词都可以作“Vi．”或“Vt．”使用，但是所表达的语义却不相同。例如：例：He can run very fast.（他能跑得很快。—“run”是“Vi．”）He runs a department store in Beijing.（他在北京经营一家百货商店。—“run”是Vt．）又同是“Vi．”，或同是“Vt．”，因其为“完全”或“不完全”也有不相同的语义。例如：例：He believes that God is.（他相信上帝存在。—“is”是完全“Vi．”）He is a Christian.（他是一个基督教徒。—“is”是不完全“Vi．”）例：Can you make cakes?（你会做蛋糕吗？—“make”是完全“Vt．”）Our teacher sometimes makes us do our homework.（我们的老师有时候会强迫我们做课外作业。—“make”是不完全的“Vt．”）3．由五个基本句型的解释我们可以了解，决定英语句子型式的要素是谓语动词，因此我们若要学好英语，必须对英语动词的表达功能有正确的认识和了解。Drilling Square Vt.Ⅰ．请判断下列各句各属于哪一个基本句型。1．Do you know her younger sister?2．I got home after dark yesterday.3．Bill always does very well at school.4．What pet do you keep?5．There were some students reading in the classroom then.6．Amy always helps her mother after school.7．Tom often makes his teacher angry.8．Did you see anyone go into that house?9．Helen looks very happy today.10．I was born in a little town in the south of Taiwan.Ⅱ．请阅读下列短文，然后判断底部加线的句子各属于哪一基本句型。①One summer evening Newton[>nju:tn]（牛顿）sat quietly on a bench in the garden. ②An apple fell to the ground from a tree. He saw it and thought： ③ “Why did an apple fall?”④He studied very hard.⑤ Later he found out the reason.⑥One day Newton sat at his desk.⑦ He was studying very hard. His servant came into the room. ⑧ He left an egg on his desk.⑨ There was a watch on the desk.⑩ Into the boiling water in the kettle Newton put the watch instead of the egg.

那种句式啊？英语句型结构一．简单句：英语基本句型-1主系表结构：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old.The cake tastes delicious. The potatoes went bad in the fields.Deep water stays still.He was at work.She is in good health.It is beyond my ability.I was at a loss.You are under arrest.英语基本句型-2主谓结构：本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. They had to travel by air or boat.3. She sat there alone.4. He came back when we were eating.5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。英语基本句型-3主谓宾结构:本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They haven’t decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.英语基本句型-4 双宾语结构：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如： He brings me cookies every day.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。英语基本句型-5 复合宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on.My mother asked me to clean my room.The teacher made all students finish their homework on time. 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.也可以说 I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它们的区别在于第一个是简单句第二个是复合句，意思都是一样的。英语基本句型-6 There be 句型： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。 它其实是全倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are … 过去有 there was/were… 将来有 there will be…；there is /are going to be... 现在已经有 there has/have been… 可能有 there might be... 肯定有 there must be …/there must have been... 过去曾经有 there used to be … 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be … 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be …Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 二．并列句。结构：1.由分号连接。eg. Some people cry; others laugh.Let’s start early; we have a long way to go.2.由并列连词及词组连接-——and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /both…and…/not only…but also…/as well as/or else/ either…or…/neither…nor…/not…but…等。eg: I’d like to, but I have lots of homework to do.I’ve got a cold, so I’m going to bed.Both my father and mother are teachers.It’s very good, yet I don’t like it.三、复合句构成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的，引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。分类：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句），形容词性从句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。1. 主语从句(Subject Clause)一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句.1）常规主语从句，句子在复合句中充当主语 That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. What caused the accident remains unknown. Whatever you did is right. Whose watch was lost is unknown. What we need is time. 小结:（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)连词位于句首不能省略（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三人称单数。注意：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末It is certain that he will win the match.It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.It is strange that he should do that.It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小结:（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.（2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)2.表语从句定义： 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。The problem is puzzling.主语 连系动词 形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise.主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语---表语从句连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.He has become a teacher.He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.She has remained there for an hour.She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.His suggestion is good.His suggestion is that we should stay calm.The question is confusing.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Why he cried yesterday.How I can persuade her to join us in the party.注意：1.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.2.不用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.3.像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.4.that 在表语从句中不能省掉。3. 宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句. 构成:带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day.宾语He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm. 间接宾语 直接宾语He told me where he was going to travel that summer.间接宾语 直接宾语He told that he would go to the college the next year.I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.Do you know who has won Red Alert game?I don’t know whom you should depend on.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.Could you please tell me how you read the new book?None of us knows where these can be bought.注意：1.用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. ②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.He will have it that our plan is really practical.We take it that you will agree with us.2.介词的宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.3.形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure, certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.4. if,whether在宾语从句中的区别whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.在不定式前只能用whether.I can’t decide whether to stay.⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.5.宾语从句的否定转移动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?6.宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.当主句为过去时的时候,从句用相应的过去时态I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?7.建议 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气） eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard． He ordered that we should go out at once． 4.同位语从句一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如： I heard the news that our team had won． I had no idea that you were here．二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如： I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如： l have no idea When he will be back． He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them． The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．