英语outline15篇

computer and my life Traditionally, courses that deal with computers and society issues focus primarily on enumerating the various ways in which computers impact society. This is done by listing categories of topics such as privacy, computers in medicine, military uses of computers, etc. Classic cases of computer abuse or errant systems are typically described in detail, as a way of simply making students more aware of how computers affect society. These examples are meant to serve as warnings to future professionals, in the hopes that they will practice their profession with greater care. What is missing from these discussions, however, is why computers have the impact they do on society. What are the characteristics that are the root of this impact? Are there fundamental differences between this technology and others that have transformed our world in the past? The intent of developing a list of these characteristics is that it could lead to a better understanding of the nature of the social impact of computers. In this way, it might be possible to examine a new computer project at the time of its design (not, as is the usual case, a long time after the project has been implemented and disseminated) to determine its potential impacts as a social change agent. The characteristics given below are not necessarily unique to computer technology. However, in many instances computers have created situations that were previously impossible to accomplish (such as space flight), were essentially inconceivable until the technology was applied, or at least were very difficult to achieve without the aid of computer technology. Furthermore, even though other technologies may have had impacts similar to computers in many ways, computer technology has greatly amplified their effects to the point of entirely overshadowing any previous technology's impact. Finally, the term computer technology is meant to be inclusive of any device that is essentially controlled by a basic computer (CPU, program, etc.). This would include, therefore, modern telephones, VCRs, microwave ovens, CAT scanners, supermarket scanners, and the like. The following are in no particular order. Also, some devices or examples are likely to fit into more than one of the categories below: (1) Ubiquity - It is perhaps stating the obvious that computers appear to be everywhere today. Even when we don't encounter them directly in their various forms of modern convenience devices, such as digital watches, microwave ovens, VCRs, and the like, we generate transactions that are processed via computers without actively doing anything: the utility companies are recording our usage, the phone company records incoming calls, our answering machine might be recording a message while we are doing something else, someone is performing a credit check on us, etc. (2) Magnification - Computers tend toward magnification in several different ways. First, the explosion of the availability of information is due in large part to the computer's ability to generate, collect, and store an ever increasing amount of raw data. Since the ability to create and collect data is growing exponentially, so too is the generation of information that can be synthesized from this data. Second, the types of negative impacts a single error can have has grown enormously with computer technology. Finally, the number of people directly affected by a system error has also grown enormously, to where a single software system literally can affect millions directly. (3) Accessibility - Access to information continues to increase at hard to believe speeds. To begin with, the vast quantities of information available on-line (through, for instance, the Internet) appears to be growing exponentially. In addition, we now have unprecedented accessibility to information and communications from nearly anywhere we happen to be. Next, information is available to an unprecendented number of people. Finally, the promises of the "information superhighway" to open up new lanes of access, including text, voice, graphics, and video increases the types of information to which we have access to include all media. (4) Reproducibility and Distributability The major concern of the recording industry regarding the introduction of digital audio tape (DAT) systems was the ability to make exact duplicates of digital material, indistinguishable from the original. The concern, of course, has been that DAT technology would cause unprecedented bootlegging of recordings, to the obvious detriment of the recording industry, composers, and performers. Clearly, any digital file can just as easily be duplicated. Many information resources are available only in digital form, via, for instance, the Internet. As more information is converted to digital form (e.g. voice and video), the ability to duplicate and distribute such information increases enormously. Indeed, there are some forms of publishing that can exist only within the context of a computer system. The concept of hypertext and hypermedia (including audio and video), the ability to create non-linear accessibility to information, was conceived out of the ability to randomly access information via computers. Its increasing success easily shows how important information in a digital form has become already. (Oz, 1994). (5) Lack of Accountability - It has become a popular complaint that it is getting more and more difficult to locate a human being who is willing to accept responsibility for an error made by a computerized system. While it is tempting to blame such problems on incompetent employees, in truth the problem may be a poor user interface, lack of training, or an error in the software, none of which can be solved by those providing the front-line service. Another difficulty is finding someone who will, indeed, fix an error in an account. It is often the case that service representatives are reluctant to accept the responsibility for making a necessary change. In addition, it can often be difficult to even find a human being to deal with a problem. Getting lost in a voice-mail system has become a modern urban legend. (Nissenbaum, 1994). (6) Temporality - Computers have several effects on time and the timeliness of information. It seems that computer technology is to blame in large part for the "speed up" of modern society - everything has to get done faster, be there sooner, be available immediately. Another form of temporality in computer systems is that information can be retained over long periods of time, even when they appear to have been destroyed (consider the classic case of Col. Oliver North). There is little reason that information should be entirely lost any more, even due to accident. And it is reasonable to suspect that every scrap of information generated today will be available virtually forever. Another temporal shift for which computers have been responsible is that people who work together do not necessarily have to do so at the same time. Finally, services and information are more frequently available on a 24-hour basis. This allows people to request a service or seek information when it fits their schedule, rather than when it fits the service provider's schedule. (7) Spatiality - Computers have done more to shorten distances than any previous technology, even the supersonic jet. It is possible to send large amounts of data, messages, video, etc. virtually anywhere in the world via networks such as Internet. Long distance learning, using information databases or video feeds of courses via satellite, is a reality for a growing portion of our modern society. We can now even be on the move when we talk with someone on the phone, or receive a fax. (8) Surveillability - Is there any doubt that computers have made surveillance easier than at any time in history? In addition to the usual surveillance equipment such as cameras and microphones, transactional data is increasingly being collected for virtually all types of transactions, even cash purchases and the acquisition of services. There has even been discussion by the government of using a universal health card, which is seen by many as the first step toward finalizing the move (begun with the co-opting of the social security number) in the US toward a national identification card. (9) Shifting of Relationships/Changes in Intercommunication Protocols - One of the more difficult characteristics to track is how computer technology has changed communication between people and groups of people. In particular, the use of email has been shown to eliminate a lot of the usual visual and verbal cues we often use in communicating with one another (whch can be viewed as both an advantage and as a disadvantage). In addition to removing such cues, computer-mediated communications mask attributes such as race, gender, age, or physical disability, in addition, perhaps, to the person's social or management status within an organization. (Grudin, 1994; Perrole, 1987). (10) Illusion of Precision - It is not difficult to make many (perhaps even most) people who are not in the computer field believe that any numeric result generated by a computer is correct. Those not well versed in the hardware of computers have little understanding of the fact that numbers must be converted back and forth between decimal and binary forms, or that there is a limitation on the accuracy of numbers due to memory constraints. As a result, they willingly accept values generated by a computer as infinitely accurate. (Liffick, 1985). Conclusion The characteristics described above are factors in the social impact of computer technology. For most there is at least anecdotal evidence of their existence (with seemingly countless examples). For some, there is also experimental evidence. It has finally become widely accepted that technology is not value neutral, as originally thought. By examining this list and using it as a set of landmarks for evaluating new systems, it may be possible to better anticipate the social impact of new systems, prior to their dissemination. Perhaps this will help achieve the development of what some have called a Social Impact Statement, which is intended to be analagous to the Environmental Impact Statements (Scheniderman, 1990; Huff and Finholt, 1994) required by the Environmental Protection Agency prior to most building projects.

Learning English just like learning any other language, is hard work so my first advice is to spend much time practicing using English every day. Besides, we should listen to the teacher and take notes carefully in class. Go over what is learnt regularly and finish doing our homework carefully. Listen to English radio programmes, read English stories and newspapers, watch English films and TV programmes ,keep a diary in English and attend English debbates and speech contests. If we make mistakes, correct them at once and try not to make the same mistakes. What's more, we should look up new words in the dictionary before class and prepare each lesson carefully before class. I believe if we work hard and have good ways of learning English, we will learn English well

I have some difficulty in learning English. For example, I can't tell the difference between written English and spoken English. Sometimes I often make mistakes while speaking to others. Talking about English study,I think practice is necessary and important. For the improvement of English,we should practice as much as possible.Before classes,we must preview the lesson by repeating after the tapes and look up the new words in the dictionaries.When in class,we ought to try all our best to answer the teachers' questions.And it's very useful to keep the texts in mind. Listening to english news also does good to our english.expecially in improving my spoken English. 希望帮到你~

1多去听。在外国语学习中，听的能力似乎是很重要的。因为，只有我们听懂了一些，才能更好的培养自己的语感。语感对于英语的其它方面，如阅读、写作，还是有不少的帮助。我们可以根据自己的理解能力，选择合适的听力材料，如生活、娱乐、童话。此外，我们要提高自己的英文水平，可以在空闲的时候，多听听。2多去练习说话。在英语学习中，我们要习惯于开口说话，这样能够有效的提高自己的英语水平。我们一开始可以练习比较简单的说话和交流，然后过度到比较复杂的内容。我们平时尽可能把日常生活与练习口语联系起来，如看到一件物品，如书籍、衣服，你就会说出其中的英文单词。这样坚持久了，你的英语水平就会明显的提高了。3大声朗读。我们学习英语是要大声朗读，这样才会有效果。朗读不但可以培养好的语感，而且还能提高英语水平，如听力、阅读。我们可以选择自己感兴趣的文章去朗读，语速可以由慢到快的提升。此外，我们还可以经常跟读，这样还可以使你的发音更加标准。4记忆单词。我们在学习英语的时候，时常需要记忆大量的单词，这也是很重要的内容。但是，一个个的记忆，很容易忘记。我们前面说过了，朗读的重要性可以方便记忆单词。如果我们清楚这个单词的发音，牢固记忆它的拼法还是不难的。此外，在阅读中记忆单词比较牢固、持久，因为我们在读的过程中，通过语言环境，可以熟悉不少单词的意义和用法，你不妨尝试一下。5多去阅读。我们在英语学习中，需要经常性的阅读各类文章，这样可以容易掌握一定数量的词汇。阅读的好处，还可以了解和熟悉一些单词和词组在不同语言环境中的意义和用法，不是孤立的记忆单词。这样，我们坚持下去，英语水平就有明显的提升。6猜测单词意思。我们在查阅词典之前，需要准备一本英汉词典，对于初学者来说还是比较适用的。实际上，我们在学习英语的过程中，可以让自己有意识的去猜测单词和词组的意思。不要认为这样做不太靠谱。其实，一篇完整的文章，即使有一些不太熟悉的单词，还是可以通过上下文来理解、推断其中的意思。然后，我们阅读完以后，来查阅词典的一些具体义项，其中还包括一些典型例句。7综合训练。英语一门综合性较强的课程，因此我们需要把各个方面有机的结合起来，就是听、说、读、写。单打一对于提高英语水平来说，不是很有效。如我们平时练习写作的时候，可以仔细思索自己学过的单词，可以用在写作方面，也是很有效果的。以上就是关于如何提高自己的英语作文水平的方法介绍了，通过以上的相信大家都有所了解了，希望对大家有用。

提纲的类型和结构-主题词式提纲或句段式提纲：标题式式提纲用简洁的文字凝练出标题，并将这部分内容概括出来。好处是简洁明了，一目了然，但是这种方法存在一定的缺陷，适用于对多个事件的研究论文中，不同事件有不同的处理方式。句子式提纲适用于对单一复杂事件的研究论文中。就是用表述完整通畅的句子将所要描述出来的内容进行概括，这种写法更为具体，更为明确，自己了解的同时也能让外人看得懂。因为毕业论文不是针对个人，因此在毕业论文提纲的写作中得到广泛应用。提纲的层次：提纲的层次必须完善，每个层次必须保证清晰，总论点应该重点突出，序论和结论部分应该简明扼要。本论是全文的重点，是需要集中精力写的一部分，因此，提纲应该罗列地详细一点，层层深入，体现总论和分论的巧妙融合。Outline架构层次采用字母、数字：这种结构用连续的字母和数字来安排各部分的层次关系。第一层用罗马数字（I、II、II、IV等等）来标记，第二层用大写字母（A、B、C、D等等）来标记，第三层用阿拉伯数字（1、2、3、4等等），第四层用小写字母（a、b、c、d等等）。在写提纲时基本上不需要四个层级。如果出现这类状况，试着合并论点。大写问题：在句段式的提纲中，标题和分论点一般都要求遵循正确的句子大写规则。但主题词式提纲一般不必这样。一派学术意见认为第一级标题应该全部用大写字母书写，而剩余标题遵循句子大写的一般规则即可。而另一派认为第一级标题应该只大写每个单词的首字母，而不用都大写。剩余的标题一样，也遵循句子大写的一般规则即可。提纲长度的把控：你的提纲不应超过研究论文预计整个篇幅的1/4到1/5。4-5页的论文，Outline大约需要一页就可以了。15-20页的论文，一般不要超过4页。Outline写好后，从以下几个方面检查：题目是否合适？题目是一篇文章的精华所在，其重要性不容忽视，不合适的论文题目会对接下来的论文写作带来阻碍。结构是否合理？合理的结构需要点明主题的基础上围绕主题进行拓展延伸，划分层次和段落，提高文章的逻辑性，检查过渡是否自然，然后进行全局性的把控。层次是否完善:提纲的层次必须完善，每个层次必须保证清晰，总论点应该重点突出，序论和结论部分应该简明扼要。本论是全文的重点，是需要集中精力写的一部分，因此，提纲应该罗列地详细一点，层层深入，体现总论和分论的巧妙融合。如果同学们需要论文辅导的话，可以完全来找班长的~~

How Does the Computer Change Our LifeDirections: You are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How Does the Computer Change Our Life. You should write at least 150 words and you must base your composition on the outline below.1. People think there are some positive changes.2. Others believe that there are some negative changes.3. I think ...How Does the Computer Change Our Life With the development of science and technology, people depend more and more heavily on the computer. Then how does the computer affect our life? On the one hand, it can be very helpful to people who need it and treat it corTectly. The computer can broaden our knowledge about the world. It can also help us learn more about many fields of studies quickly: science, medicine, arts and so on. It is very convenient to people who are busy with their jobs, and has brought about many positive changes in our lives. On the other hand, the computer may bring about some negative changes. For example, many children become so addicted to computer games that they stay up late frequently and even neglect their studles. Another disadvantage is that computer's radiation is harmful to people's eyes, especially to children's. Just as every coin has two sides, the computer has advantages and disadvantages. I think that if we can overcome its negative effects, we can bring it into full play.