英语的主动形式

主动语态是表示主语是谓语动作的使动方的语态。在主动语态中，谓语的动作源自主语，而施加于宾语。相反，在被动语态中，主语是谓语动作的受动方。在主动语态中，主语后面接人(be+动词原型)被动语态(be+动词过去分词)在主动语态中，主语是谓语动词的使动方。在被动语态中，主语是谓语动词的受动方。在语法结构上，主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于，主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语，然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法;而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语，各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。举例:1.主动语态:Thesnowslidekilledhim.雪崩害死了他。被动语态:Hewaskilledbythesnowslide.他死于雪崩。2.主动语态:Weuseelectricitytorunmachines.我们用电力来开动机器。被动语态:Electricityisusedtorunmachines.电力被我们用来开动机器。3.主动语态:Bellinventedthetelephonein1876.贝尔于1876年发明了电话。被动语态:ThetelephonewasinventedbyBellin1876.电话是贝尔于1876年发明的。

英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者.如： Many people speak English．（主动语态） English is spoken by many people．（被动语态） 1．被动语态的构成 由于不及物动词不能带宾语,故无被动语态,只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的动词短语才有被动语态,其基本构成方式是“助动词be＋过去分词”. 注意：“be＋过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态,有些动词（如 be,feel,look,seem等）后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,用作表语表示状态.如： My bike is broken．（我的自行车坏了.） The door is open．（门开了.） 2．主动语态改被动语态的方法 1）将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面：①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be＋过去分词”结构；③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语,放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）. 2）含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：①把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍保留原位；②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或 for.如： He gave the boy an apple．→The boy was given an apple．（或An apple was given to the boy．） Her father bought her a present．→She was bought a present by her father．（或A present was bought for her by her father．） 3）不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态,改为被动语态时不定式前要加to.如： They watched the children sing that morning．→The children were watched to sing that morning． 4）带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语,宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语.如： We call him Xiao Wang．→He is called Xiao Wang． He cut his hair short．→His hair was cut short． They told him to help me．→He was told to help me． 5）短语动词是不可分割的整体,改为被动语态时要保持其完整性,介词或副词不可遗漏.如： We must take good care of the young trees．→The young trees must be taken good care of． 6）含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时,通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语,从句放在句子后面；也可采用另一种形式.可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know,say,believe,find,think,report等.如： People believe that he is ill．→It is believed that he is ill．（或：He is believed to be ill．） 3．被动语态改为主动语态的方法： 被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语（或按题意要求确定主语）,按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态改为主动语态.注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,此时要把被动语态中的to去掉.被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语.如： History is made by the people．The people make history． 4．不能用于被动语态的情况 1）某些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作,而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）如have,fit,suit,hold（容纳）,cost, suffer,last（持续）等不能用于被动语态.如： They have a nice car．他们有一辆漂亮的汽车. My shoes don't fit me．我的鞋不合适. My brain can't hold so much information at one time．我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料. How much ／What does it cost?这值多少钱? Our holiday lasts 10days．我们的假期有十天. This food will last（them）（for）3days．这食物足够（他们）（吃）三天. 2）不是所有带介词的动词都能用于被动结构.若是构成成语动词通常有被动态,若不构成成语动词则无被动态.试比较： They arrived at a decision．A decision was arrived at．他们作出了决定. They arrived at the station．他们到达车站.（不说：The station was arrived at．） He looked into the question．The question was looked into．他调查了这个问题. 3）动词leave（离开）,enter（进入）,join（参加）不可用于被动语态.如： The car left the road and hit a tree．车子离开了道路,撞上了树. 4）某些及物动词可作不及物动词用,特别是后加副词（如well, easily等）时.主动语态有被动含义,这类动词常见的有sell,write, wear,wash,cook,open,close,lock,read,record等.如： His new novel is selling well．他的新小说很畅销.The cloth washes well．这布很耐洗. This material won't wear．这种材料不耐穿.His play won't act．他的戏剧不会上演. The window won't shut．这窗关不上.The door won't open．这门打不开. The door won't lock．这门锁不上.This poem reads well．这首诗读来很好. 5）feel,look,appear,sound,taste, *** ell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词,后接形容词作表语,不可用于被动语态.如： Tell me if you feel cold．你要是感到冷就告诉我. You're looking very unhappy—what's the matter?你看来很不高兴———怎么回事儿? The soup tastes wonderful．这汤味道好极了. Those roses *** ell beautiful．那些玫瑰好闻极了. She appears to be friendly．她看上去很友好. 6）宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时,不可用于被动语态.如： Peter hoped to meet her．彼得希望遇见她. Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter．史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿. 7）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不可用于被动语态.如： She can dress herself．她可以自己穿衣服. We could hardly see each other in the fog．在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见. 8）宾语是同源宾语时,不可用于被动语态.如： They live a happy life．他们过着幸福的生活. The girl dreamed a sweet dream ．那女孩做了个甜美的梦. 9）宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时,不可用于被动语态.如： The old man broke his（＝the old man's）legs．那老人把自己的腿弄断了. The girl shook her（＝the girl's）head．那女孩摇了摇头. 5．某些动词的主动形式表被动含义 英语中有很多动词如act,break,catch,cut,clean, drive,draw, let,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash,wear等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,其主动形式常用来表达被动含义.另外,像 owe,beat,cook,bake,print,build,make等,有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义.如： This kind of radio doesn't sell well．这种收音机不太畅销. The shop opens at eight o'clock．这个商店八点开门. The pipe does not draw well．这烟斗不太通畅. These plays act wonderfully．这些剧演得好. Kate's book reads like an interesting novel．凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣的小说. 注意：主动表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响.如： The door won't lock．门锁不上.（指门本身有毛病） The door won't be locked．门不会被锁上.（指不会有人来锁门） His novels sell easily．他的小说销路好.（指小说本身内容好） His novels are sold easily．他的小说容易销售.（主要强调外界对小说的需求量大） 6．某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义 1）在need,want,require,deserve和bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动含义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式.如： The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理. My clothes need washing（to be washed）．我的衣服需要洗了. 2）形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式.如： The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）这本画册很值得一读. Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worth helping．（＝Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worthy to be helped．）像史密斯先生那样的人不值得帮助. This plan is not worth considering．（＝This plan is not worthy to be considered．）这个计划不值得考虑. 3）某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义 a．当nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult, important,impossible,pleasant, interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语,而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义.如： Japanese is not difficult to learn．日语并不难学.（指日语被学） The water is unfit to drink．这水不适合喝.（指水被喝） The piece of music is pleasant to hear．这首音乐听起来很悦耳.（指音乐被听） This book is easy to read．这本书读起来很容易.（指书被读） b．当动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义.如： I have a lot of work to do today．我今天有很多工作要做.（work to do指被做的工作） He has three children to look after．他有三个孩子要照看.（children to look after指孩子被照看） 注意：如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式,其含义有所区别.如： I have some clothes to be washed．我有些要洗的衣服.（衣服不是自己洗） c．在there be．．．句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动或被动式,其含义没有什么区别.如： There is a lot of homework to do（to be done）．有很多家庭作业要做. There are some clothes to wash（to be washed）．有些衣服要洗. 4）由介词for,on,above,under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义.如： His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon．＝His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon．他的油画作品明天下午展出. 5）表示感官意义的连系动词如 *** ell,feel,taste,look,sound等在句子中常表达被动含义.如： How nice the music sounds!这音乐听起来多悦耳! Good medicine tastes bitter．良药苦口. Our school looks more beautiful than before．我们学校看上去比以前更漂亮了.

1、一般现在时 (1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week等连用.例如： 1)The moon moves round the earth.. (2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如： 1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. (3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有：be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave等.例如： 1)The plane leaves at three sharp. (4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如： 1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first. 2.一般过去时 (1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用.例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. (2)表示过去习惯性动作.例如： 1)He always went to class last. 2)I used to do my homework in the library. (注意与be used to doing短语的区别) 3.一般将来时 1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态.例如： I shall graduate next year. 2)几种替代形式： 1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情.例如： I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money. 2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义.例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. 3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情.例如： He was about to start. 4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事.例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态.例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 二、进行时态 1.现在进行时 (1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用.例如： Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. (2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用.例如： My father is forever criticizing me. (3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情.具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词.即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词.常用的有：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等.例如： They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. (4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词.如：see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词)；hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词)；be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词).但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态.例如： 1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”) 2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”) 2.过去进行时 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用.例如： 1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3.将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作.常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等.例如： 1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4.完成进行时 (现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述. 三、完成时态 完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作.它可分为： 1.现在完成时 (1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用).例如： 1)I have just finished my homework. 2)Mary has been ill for three days. (2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等.例如： 1)I haven’t been there for five years. 2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation. 3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978. (3)完成时态可用在下列结构中： This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句.如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时.例如： (1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. (2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 2.过去完成时 (1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成.例如： 1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. (2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现.例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是： 1)was / were + to have done sth,例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t. 2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. (3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时.例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时.例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时.例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon. 3.将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测.常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等.例如： 1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock. 3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 4.完成进行时 完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时. (1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻.例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it. (2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻.例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. (3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻.例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 四：时态一致 时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容.通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态.一般原则是： 1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态 He says that he lives in Wuhan. We hope that there will be many people at your party today. “Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.” “There’s a lot of excitement on the street.” “There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?” 2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态 He said he was writing a novel. The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment. He said his father had been an engineer. 3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使用一般现在时.例如： The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder. 注：在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时. 4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况 利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则.例如： We insisted that we do it ourselves. 动词的语态 语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者. 1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态) 2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态) 1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语 (1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用.如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of. (2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态. 2.被动语态的时态形式 常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式. 表1 时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时 进行时 完成时 现在 am asked am being asked is asked is being asked are asked are being asked 过去 was be asked was being asked were be asked were being asked 将来 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 过去 should be asked should have been asked 将来 would be asked would have been asked 3.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略.例如： 1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2)All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态 “get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件.例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为.例如： get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚) get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解) get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚) 5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态 (1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来.例如： 1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态) 2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态) 3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态) (2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语.例如： 1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态) 2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态) 6.被动语态与系表结构的区别 (1)The novel was well written.(系表结构) (2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态) 7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思 例1：The book is selling remarkably well. 例2：The song sounds very beautiful. 能这样用的动词还有read(读起来),clean(擦起来),wash(洗起来),write(写起来). 例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned). 能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等. 例4：The meat is cooking. 例5：The book written by the professor is printing. 在英语中被动语态分时态,我给你举些例子: (1)一般现在时:This song is often sung by children.孩子们常唱这首歌. (2)一般过去时:This house was built in 1958.这房子建于1958年. (3)一般将来时:Many buildings will be built in my home town.在我的家乡,许多大楼将要建成. (4)过去将来时:The old scientist said that he would be invited to vist their country before long.那位老科学家说不久他将应邀访问他们的国家. (5)现在进行时:The proposal is being considered now.正在考虑这个提案. (6)过去进行时:Mr Wu was in hospital .When we went to see him,he was being operated on.吴先生住院了.我们去看他时,他正在动手术. (7)现在完成时:Have the letters been posted ?信已经寄出去了吗? (8)过去完成时:He came and told us that the work had been finished.他来告诉我们,工作已经完成. (9)将来完成时:By the end of this year,the tall building will have been built.到今年年底,这幢高楼将建成. (10)过去将来时:The boy told mother that his homework have been finished by ten o'clock.男孩告诉妈妈到10:00他将做完作业.