司马懿砸缸
政治性任命的英文称为Political Appointee,是美国公职人员任命的一种制度。在美国的政府系统中,有少部分公职人员是由总统、副总统或部门首长提名任命的,这些人既没有经过选举,也不是从公务员选拔竞争系统提拔上来的,因此人们给这些人一个特别的统称“政治任命公职人员”。“政治任命公职人员”的做法,可以追溯到19世纪初的“政党分肥制度”(Spoils System),在当时政党候选人赢得选举后,可以将政府部门的各种职位分派给自己的支持者以及亲友们,作为对他们帮助获胜的奖励。一般认为,“政党分肥制度”的大规模运用是从第七任总统安德鲁·杰克逊(Andrew Jackson)开始的。在1828年的大选中,西部与南部选民是杰克逊的主要支持者,他被视为普通民众的代言人,也被视为牛仔总统。杰克逊就任时,大批西部牛仔前往华盛顿观礼,并争先恐后拥入白宫参加就职晚宴,甚至将餐桌搬到白宫外花园大吃大嚼。杰克逊当选后,为了打破东部权贵集团垄断官职的传统,大胆采用轮流担任公职的办法,将大批西部旧属、忠于民主党的信徒、支持自己竞选的人任命为官员,成为后世“政党分肥制度” 的雏型。“政党分肥制度”的得名源自纽约州联邦参议员威廉·马西的一句话:“战利品属于胜利者”。不过,这个制度还可以追溯到更早的时期,第三任总统托马斯·杰斐逊在任期间,就不许对手联邦党人进入政府担任要职,政府职位多为自己这一派政党人员担任。随着时间的推移,“政党分肥制度”的弊端越来越明显,因此通过多项立法规定,“政党分肥制度”逐渐转变成““政治任命公职人员”制度,两者最大的区别是对候选人有更严格的审核以及更高的政治道德伦理要求。从政治道德伦理要求看,政治任命公职人员比民选公职人员受到的限制更多,比如由总统任命的公职人员不许接受任何来自薪金以外的收入,这个要求会使那些以捞取金钱为目的的人望而却步。
旭子如风
Democrats and Republicans are the two major political parties in the United states. Democratic in founding in 1791, when by some planting garden owners, farmers and some and southern slave owners had contacted the capitalists. The former Republican and democratic republican party, now renamed in 1828. Between 1933 and 1953, the Democratic Party, Roosevelt and Truman successively served as president, the Democratic Party for 20 years in a row, the party's most prosperous period. From 1981 to 1989, the two president of the United States and the economic impact of the United States (and even "Reagan economics"), Ronald Regan is a republican. 1992 came to power as president of the United States and in 1996 to run for re-election of the current U.S. President Barack Clinton is the Democratic party. The Republican Party was founded in 1854, when it was mainly composed of the northern industrial and commercial capitalists who were opposed to the expansion of slavery. Lincoln became president in 1861, the first time in the Republican Party, to the 70 years in 1933, in addition to 16 years, are the Republican party.The United States of America's two big party organization, different from other Western capitalist countries of the political party, with its unique characteristics. In the organization, the Democratic Party or the Republican Party can say that it is not a political party in the normal sense, but a very loose political alliance. To become a democratic or Republican Party, do not have to apply for and perform the admission procedure, also do not pay dues. Citizens declare and perform the registration procedure when they are registered, and become a party member or a member of the Republican Party. Registered as a member of a large party, in the election can be changed to vote for another major party candidate, that can cross party vote. Political parties can not carry out disciplinary sanctions on its members. Strictly speaking. Only 5% of voters can be considered party members.民主党和共和党是美国两个主要政党。民主党于1791年建党,当时由部分种植园主、农民和某些与南方奴隶主有联系的资本家组成。曾名共和党和民主共和党,1828年改称现名。1933年至1953年,民主党人罗斯福和杜鲁门先后任总统,民主党连续执政20年,是该党最兴旺发达时期。从1981年到1989年连任两届总统并对美国经济产生重大影响(甚至有“里根经济学”之说)的罗纳德·里根是共和党人。1992年上台担任美国总统并于1996年竞选连任获得成功的现任美国总统克林顿是民主党人。共和党成立于1854年,当时主要是由反对扩大奴隶制的北方工商业资本家组成。1861年林肯就任总统,共和党首次执政,至1933年的70多年中,除16年外,均为共和党执政。美国两大党的组织,不同于其他西方资本主义国家的政党,具有其独特性。在组织上,民主党或共和党可以说不是正常意义上的政党,而是一个极其松散的政治联盟。要成为民主党或共和党的党员,无须申请和履行入党手续,也不要交纳党费。公民在进行选民登记时声明一下并履行登记手续,就成为民主党党员或共和党党员。登记为一个大党的党员,在选举时可以改投另一大党候选人的票,即可以跨党投票。政党对其党员都不能进行纪律制裁。严格地说。选民中只有5%的人可以被认为是政党的党员。