英语词汇学小论文

一。The Development of English Vocabulary There are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries. How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language. But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development. The history of English language is divided into three periods: 1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD ) 2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD ) 3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now ) As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it the pre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language. Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it is also been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin. Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases. Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc. Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary. Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out. Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process. Bibliography: 陆国强，published in 1999， Modern English Lexicology (new edition) Adams, Valerie, published in1982, An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation 戴炜栋，published in 2002， A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English 朱永涛，published in 1997， The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries 林承璋，published in 1987， An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点：The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is fast.Adverments make an important part on English Newspaper.We live in a world of advertising.Advertising provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and institutions.Newspaper advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of resources.To some extent,the newspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language to express.Advertising language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own features.Naturally,advertisements in English have become an important means of communicating ideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own.The present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as possible.In advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of closeness.E.g.① Take time.Any time.Continuous using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.② Once tasted,always loved.The article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③ My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising texts.Verbs are the most important part of language.It is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their goods.So in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling effects.Verbs can be used to “touch”the consumer's heart.In this way,they will have impules to buy the goods.E.g.① Drink Coca-Cola.② I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③ For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus SLR.In the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive. ④ Get noticed. Get results.⑤ Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥ Send today for your free sample, and try the new flavor.After reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord.Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify them.E.g.For people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm. The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attractive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product. ⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. E.g.① Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.② Discover the season’s newest splendor.The word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same category.Sometimes people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. E.g.① Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.② Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.The well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, which persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image. Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended them.Sometimes,we use infinitive pronouns,such as all,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinary characteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of people.E.g.Our finest time.It is about a well-known red wine.A pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in advertisements.E.g.Kodak Single-use-cameras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your camera.It used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and vividly.Now we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.

谈谈学习英语词汇的方法 语言是交际的工具，词汇是语言的建筑材料，要想学习好语言，必须记忆和掌握更多的词汇，在英语学习中，背单词是最枯燥的，尤其是对初学者来说，不能寻求其规律，靠机械地重复一个单词的字母，死记硬背，事倍功半。即便记住了，也不会持久，学得快，忘得快。英语称为"easy come ,.easy go ." 那麽怎样才能有效，快速地扩大词汇量，并且记住，会写呢？必须做到：眼观字型，口读其声，耳辩其音，手拼其词，心想其意，口中念念有词。 这几句 话体现了运动记忆的各个方面，所谓运动记忆是指听，说，读，写，想。单一的视觉记忆或听觉记忆是不可能完成这一任务的，英语单词是由26个字母进行不同的组合构成的，每个单词都有各自的音，型，义。所以我们要通过研究各个单词的音，形，义，靠我们的眼，口，耳，脑，手去把它们记住。为什么首先眼观字型？每种语言的词汇的构成都有一定的规律可寻，规律有定理规律和非定理规律，在英语方面，定理规律指读音规则和构词法。非定理规律指学习者在学习中自己找到的行之有效的记忆方法，构词法是记忆单词和扩大词汇量的重要方面，通过观察单词的形状特征识别单词的词性，如：形容词后可加-en 而变成动词，sharp--sharpen,short---shorten,wide---widen ,还可以观察单词的词干，前缀，后缀可以猜出单词的词义，如：词头un ,in,non , dis 都表示”不” 无，非，等意思．unimportant,不重要的，invisible看不见的，inactive ,不活跃的，nonnatural非天然的，unclean，不清洁的，incomplete 不完全的，词尾--er ,or ,表是人物，writer 作家，builder建筑工人，speeker,讲话者，actor 男演员，也可以通过学习一个词干，派生出许多新词。如：act ,行动，派生出acting,表演，action行为，active主动的，activity活动，actor男演员，actress女演员，activism能动主义，actually实际上等，这一些都属于定理规律中的：构词法派生记忆。 根据读音规则记忆，是按照元音字母，元音字母组合，辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节里的发音规律记忆，如：ea,ee, ir,or,er ,ur ,tion,ing,ture,ly,ty,以及各种前缀，后缀dis,im,in,un,ism, ist,ment ,or等都有比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记忆单词时不必一个字母一个字母的记忆了。 非定理规律是学习者自身在学习中所摸索总结的一些记忆技巧，现归纳如下： 一，归纳分类记忆法， A，按单词所含音素分类记忆（主要用于低年级集中快速识字）把含有同一个音素的单词一起学，同时记。如： plate,date,cake,make ,都含有[ei].book.look.shoot.good,都含有oo发[u]. B，按照题材分类归纳记忆，如：把表示季节，月份，星期的名词，家庭成员关系的名词，日月星辰，江河湖海，金银铁铜，野生动物，鸟兽虫鱼，身体部位等名词放在一起学。 C ，一词多译归纳法。英汉对译不一定都是对等的，同一个字在不同的情况下，译译成不同的结构，如：开车，开刀，开门，开会，开灯，开商店，而英语译成，drive a car,operate on,open the door,hold a meeting ,turn on a light,run a shop, D,同音异形词归纳记忆法，把所学过的同音异形词放在一起记。如：weak,week,nose,knows,flower,flour.weather, whether,way,weigh,等。 二，直观记忆法。这种方法多用于低年级，课文和挂图多通过观其实图记忆单词。 三，联想记忆法。如;学了student ,联想到teacher,classmate school book exam.，学了solder,联想到officer,fighter,army, battle,war等。 四。同义词记忆法，利用同义词对比词记忆，如：dress,clothes,clothing ,cloth,,hit, beat,strike.等。 五，趣味记忆法，有些词可以把它趣味化，以达到记忆的效果有趣之至，如：pigtail(辫子）如果把它对等的直译为“猪尾巴”使人啼笑皆非。bluejeans,牛仔裤，可以把它谐音化，可译为蓝色的发紧的（有弹力）的裤子。 六， 分裂记忆法，把一个合成词分裂为两个独立的单词以达到记忆效果。如：eggplant茄子，可以看作为“鸡蛋作物 pineapple 菠萝，可以看做“松针苹果”。还有，watrfal(瀑布）l=water+fall,rainbow（彩虹）=rain+bow用分裂开的单词分别记忆。 七，反义记忆法，把学过的反义词放在一起对比记忆，old-- new, full--empty,long--short, 八，分析记忆法，把一些合成词分析其合成含义，以达到记忆。如：walkingstick手杖（可以分析为帮助走路的棍）。 sleepingcar卧铺（可以分析为供睡觉的车厢）等。 九，谚语记忆法，通过学习一些谚语记住单词，如：Each family has it's own trouble,家家有本难念的经。Money can make mare go .有钱能使鬼推磨。I t is not the gay coat that makes the gentleman,君子在德不在衣。A new broom sweeps clean,新官上任三把火。 十，音形直译法，部分汉语是直接通过英语音译过来的，。对这类的词可以按照汉语的读音去记忆单词。如：sofa,沙发。coffee,咖啡，salad色拉。jeep吉普。tank坦克。sanwich三明治，golf高尔夫等。 十一。成语记忆法，通过学习一些成语记忆一些单词，学会一个成语记住一组单词，如：spend money as water 挥金如土。safe and sound ,安然无恙，cold and hunger,饥寒交迫，live in peace and work in hapiness,安居乐业。 Hold the candle to the devil.助纣为虐。have an axe to grind,醉翁之意不在酒。 十二。谜语记忆法，通过猜谜语的形式记忆单词，即开发了智力又学习了单词，如：What has many keys but can't unlock a single door,(piano),What has an eye but can't see,(needle) 十三，游戏记忆法，用26个字母的扑克牌4副，4个人做游戏，根据组成单词的字母多少论大小，如：ship,有4张拼成， 那麽class 有5张拼成可以压住ship 最后看谁组成的单词多，拿到的牌数多，谁就是胜者。 十四，听力记忆法。把所学的单词录到磁带里，反复听，边听边写，耳脑手同时运动。 十五。搭配记忆法。通过这种方法主要记忆单词的用法，和什么词搭配。如;：finish doing ,enjoy doing ,used to do be used to doing ,be used to do ,be worth doing ,be worthy of being done,be worthy to be done . 十六。方言，口语记忆法。方言，口语是交际英语中常出现的，通过学习一些方言口语，提高了口语能力，学习了一些单词的用法。 如： So long=goodbye, what for?干啥？what's up?=is there anything new today?where to?=wher are you headed? 十七，俚语记忆法，俚语是人们口头上说的一种约定俗成的形式，不可直译，通过学习部分俚语记住部分单词，如： I have a bone in my throat,我很难开口，He went west =he went to the heawen =he died., 十八，电视广告，新闻报道，戏剧标题，产品说明， 看电视时经常看到用英语打出的字幕，如果抓住学习机会 ，也会学习不少英语单词，如：world report(世界报道)。 music of night (,夜之旋律)。Tell it like it is (,实话实说),The story of the office girl.(洋行里的中国小姐).Focus today（今日关注），tide powder (汰渍洗衣粉），APEC, （亚太经合组织）等。 十九，词类转换记忆法，英语单词有很多可以转换词性，译成“新义”，也就是说一个词可以有多个词性或多个词义。book a ticket 预定一张票，He parked hi s car at the gate ,他把车停在门口。A spring saw a boy spring on the spring near the spring last spring ,(去年春天一个小姑娘看见一个小男孩在温泉旁的弹簧床上跳跃），I saw a boy saw a saw with a saw ,(我看到一个男孩用钜在钜一把钜）。上述句子里都有一次多性，一词多义。记住了一个熟悉词的“新”义，也等于多学了一个新词。 二十。歌曲记忆法，学生大多都愿意学英语歌曲，在歌曲中学习单词，效率高，记得牢，多年来我们每月学一首英语歌，陶冶了学生的情操，学习了英语单词，一举两得，何乐而不为呢？ 总之，记忆单词的方法很多，老师指导学生要善于挖掘，以便能更合理，更科学，更简单地记忆单词，不管是什么方法，只要对自己有效就是好方法，记单词最好放在整句，整篇课文里记，这样不仅解决了拼的问题，而且提供了使用的方法，子不离句，句不离章。最后我们还要回到前面归纳的口诀的结束语中，有了这麽多方法，还要“口中念念有词”即：多读，多说，甚至多背，这样才能巩固所学的单词，减少遗忘。

wine in, truth out.

迅雷搜索下载啊！然后整理一下不就得了，不就400字么