科技英语与写作

I love I love and I lost you

The new century is approaching. It can be expected that there will be a breakthrough in life sceience and space science in the 21st century. First, scientists will conquer incurable diseases through the transformation of genes. With the same technology they can breed new species of animals and even human life in the laboratory. Most important of all, they can decelerate aging and prolong life. Besides, permanent stations will be set up in the moon or other planets or stars so that scientists can make a thorough study of the moon and other planets or star. Most probably life will be found in other stars in universe or the planets or stars suitable for the human existence will be discovered. However, the scientific development will also bring about some social problems. How should we regard from an ethical perspective the one who is bred through the gene technology in the laboratory. How can the police identify the criminal from a group of people with the same DNA? It is quite natural that we will meet problems in the scientific and social development. Therefore, we should be prepared to meet new challenges. 汇众动漫学院

想要写一篇优秀的英文科研论文，就要先知道什么是优秀的论文什么不是。 编辑不喜欢看到的文章类型： （1）逻辑混乱的文章 （2）用语不当夸大其词或表述有误 （3）语法和其他错误百出

通常而言一篇科研论文包含以下部分： Title Abstract Introduction Results Discussion Materials and Methods Acknowledgements

标题是编辑或者阅读者首先看到的，因此取一个好标题至关重要。 我们要用最少的单词概括出文章的主题，对标题有以下三点要求： 1.简洁，完整，易懂 2.避免出现化学式或特殊符号 3.通常采取以下三种形式：短语式、句子式和主副式，比如： 短语式： Cyro-EM structure of human DNA-PK holoenzyme A vital sugar code for ricin toxicity 句子式： Suppression of MAPK11 or HIPK3 reduces mutant Huntingtin level in Huntington's disease models Intermittent fasting promotes adipose thermogenesis and metabolic homeostasis via VEGF-mediated alternative activation of macrophage 主副式： Class I histone deacetylases are major histone decrotonylases: evidecnce for critical and broad function of histone crotonylation in transcription

Abstract的目的是为了帮助读者快速了解文章的内容。 有以下几个要求： 1.独立性和完整性 可以单独存在并能够传达全文核心思想 2.简洁、准确、逻辑性强 因为Abstract有字数限制，我们必须用短短几句话说明全文的核心思想，因此每一个单词和句子都要仔细斟酌 3.形式符合期刊的规范 以发表在Cell Research 的‘5-Hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in cell-free DNA provide information about tumor types and stages’为例：

Green：课题背景 高亮：结果（可以简单提实验方法） 红线：总结（可以适当展望提升）

1.介绍本文研究领域的发展状况（mini-review） 介绍内容一定是与本文主线最相关的研究背景。重要的点一定要涉及到。细节处可以在文中提及时再介绍。 2.通过讨论本研究领域为解决的问题（包括自己之前发表论文未解决的问题），自然过渡到介绍你的实验目的和重要性。 3.在结尾简单介绍本研究所做的内容和结论。 注意： 一定要在有限的篇幅内全面介绍已知科学背景，但是不要过度铺开，只要围绕文章主线着重介绍相关的背景即可。

相对而言这是一篇文章最轻松的部分，但是此部分也是最容易犯错的部分。通常方法材料部分的语法检查最不仔细，常见问题包括：时态、单复数、主动被动语态

1.逻辑很重要，有条理的叙述故事。注意段与段间的逻辑。可以在每一部分的小结果的开篇写一些承上启下的句子以连接段落。

讨论是相对难写的部分，讨论不是对结果简单的罗列，而是对结果进行更为深入的讨论： 你的研究解决了领域中哪些问题和疑惑 你的研究提出了哪些新的可能 以后应该怎样去进一步研究等 一般，还可以在结尾处再总结一下自己的研究成果

1976年，William Zinsser在《On Writing Well》提出优秀写作的三原则：

被动态包括：宾语+谓语+主语，或宾语+谓语 eg： Upon the chemical treatment, the activation of XX signaling pathway could be observed. 可以修改为： We could observe the activation of XX signaling pathway upon the chemical treatment.

General dysfunction of the immune system has been suggested in both mouse and human studies. 可以修改为： Both mouse and human studies suggested that XX (disease) cause general dysfunction of the immune system.

1.不需要介绍性短语。例如：as it is published; as it is known

2.去掉没有意义的词。例如: important

3.啰嗦的词简化，把精力花在主要的句子上 a majority of ->most a number of ->many all four of the ->the four due to the fact that ->because give rise to ->cause

4.重复意义的词或句子用一个 limit condition, output performance

5.剪掉一些副词：very, really, quite

6.用肯定语气 not harmful ->safe does not have ->lacks not correct ->wrong be not the result of A but B ->reflect B rather than A

7.不要常用there is/are There are many ways in which we can handle this case. ->We can handle this case in many ways.

The data suggest there is an association between temperature and crop diseases. ->The data suggest an association between temperature and crop diseases.

It is likely that there exists functional redundancy among XX proteins. ->It is likely that functional redundancy among XX proteins exists.

8.用标点符号来改变句式，精简语言 分号(semicolon): 连接两个独立的从句。 圆括号(parenthesis): 加入解释或一些想法，即使没有这部分句子也应该是独立的。 冒号(Colon): 分隔能力弱于分号，比破折号要正式。用于列举，引用，举例，第二个从句是第一个从句的延伸。 破折号(dash): 表示强调，解释或定义。留给重要的用处。

在英文写作中我们常犯的问题： 1.科学用语的准确性 2.时态错误（描述实验过程结果时用过去式，总结实验结果时用现在时） 3.单复数错误 4.'a','an','the'的使用错误 5.比较不对等： The root length of XX mutant is shorter than wild type rice. The root length of XXmutant is shorter than that of wild type rice. 6.用词或句式单一 7.语序问题 8.句子过长 9.使用口语化用词

1、作文： Modern technology makes life more convenient;tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human beings progress. Men used to cut trees with hand saw.But now,by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few minutes.Another example is more vivid:You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hours ride away.You probably want to make a phone call.But no telephone is installed in your friends home.What could you do?Nowadays,with modern technology advanting,using internet is popular with us.Some years ago,people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information;at last people could become tired and spent too much time.Now,if you use Internet,all becomes a piece of cake.Only by clucking,you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level,because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. 2、翻译： 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办？如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。现在，如果使用网络科技，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。