人像候鸟英文

Many birds have migrated along the latitude of the characteristics of the season, the summer when these birds in the temperate regions of high latitude propagation, when winter in lower latitudes over the winter in tropical areas.夏末秋初when these birds migrate from breeding grounds to wintering in the south, and in the spring from wintering in the North to return to the breeding grounds. With the seasonal changes in these north-south migration of birds as "birds" (migrant). Observation on specific locations, these migratory birds may be in accordance with the南来北往they appear to be classified in different time, to Taiwan as an example, the summer came to Taiwan from southern breeding birds as "birds summer" (summer visitor) winter came from the north of migratory birds wintering in Taiwan is referred to as "migratory birds in winter" (winter visitor). If migratory birds in northern Taiwan than in the breeding areas, in the more southern parts of the winter, they move south in the fall and back north in spring, after only a short time in Taiwan to stay, then known as the "bird in transit" (transient). The same birds at different observation points, may be attributable to the different categories. For example, red-bellied hawk birds transit in Taiwan, in Japan it is the summer migratory birds, while in the Philippines is the local winter birds. Compared with the migratory birds come and go, there are many birds all year round it is the same place in life, this kind of bird known as the "resident" (resident). In one place, in addition to resident birds and summer migratory birds and winter migratory birds in transit, there are a number of birds, they are mainly regional in faraway places, but occasionally a small number of individuals lost due to the direction of or for other reasons, came to the These birds may only be found in several years time, known as the "bird lovers" (vagrant). [Edit this paragraph] Why do birds migrate Will be a lot of movement of animals, including birds in spring and autumn each year of the migration process, migration distance can be hundreds of kilometers to tens of thousands of kilometers. Birds flying over the desert or the ocean can be difficult, such as rest or resting energy region added, it was considered in the light of migration, it is the evolution of one of the most successful animals. Birds and large-scale annual migration, in a long time ago to attract the attention of mankind. Why do birds migrate? Come from? Going? Whether all groups are moved? Why do some birds than other bird migration is still far? What is the mechanism of migratory birds each year, almost to the time fixed migration? Migratory birds on the way to the horizon in the vast inter-migration to the right direction? And so on, has been a subject of great interest of scientists. Research on Behavioral Ecology of the ecological significance of animal behavior; Behavioral Ecology often the price (cost) and benefits (benefit) to explain why a certain behavior to occur. To answer "Why do birds migrate?", We can also act to explain the point of view of ecology. Birds breeding in temperate areas of the temperate regions of the advantage of short-night summer day, it can be longer during the day feeding, feeding fledgling, avoid many of the tropical species to be breeding places facing the nest with food competition, and temperate regions insects in summer than in tropical areas also rich in natural enemies at the same time less temperate regions, natural enemies of the relatively low predation pressure. However, cold winter in temperate regions, often face the problem of lack of food. The opposite is true in tropical areas, facing the breeding season the nest with food resources places a strong competition, and at the same time the pressure of predators preying on relatively large, but the climate is mild in winter, and winter food resources than the rich in many temperate regions. Migratory birds because of the summer breeding in the temperate regions, winter in the tropics in winter, and and get the benefits of the two places. So, why do not all have become migratory birds? The answer is that migration is necessary to pay the price. For example, the relocation process would take a lot of energy consumption, they may encounter bad weather, migration, orientation error, it is necessary to adapt to the new environment are not familiar with, and with other migratory and resident birds of the competition for resources and so on. At the same time, when all the birds have taken advantage of a greater pattern of behavior (migration), the competition has become larger, there was no great benefit to the behavior patterns of (non-removal) will become relatively more favorable. Thus different patterns of behavior on the evolution is still there, and reached a stable evolutionary strategy (Evolutionary Stable Strategy, ESS). It is also part of why some groups of birds will migrate, some of the reasons for non-removal groups. Furthermore, the same ethnic groups do not migrate in the winter of the individual may have to put up with lack of food crisis, but the next breeding season could be as early as possible before the advent of better reproduction to occupy the nest, and increased reproductive success rate; the other hand, migration of individuals can be in warm wintering area of a more abundant source of food, but the time required to run the risk of migration and breeding nests may be less price-bit. Migration is not to move the individual survival and reproductive strategy of the problem, if the relocation of the individual's reproductive success rate is much higher than those who do not migrate, then evolution will tend to the behavior patterns of migration; the other hand, if the relocation of the individual's reproductive success rate far lower than the non-removal , they will not be conducive to the evolution of the direction of migration behavior; if two strategies similar to the reproductive success rate, then the two behavioral patterns in the evolution of both will be preserved. Overall, we can be the basis of temperate and tropical birds in the breeding and survival of the face features, summarize the summary table below. In temperate regions a higher rate of reproductive success, but faced with the harsh winter climate, so the adult birds and sub-adult birds with low survival rates. Greater competition in the tropics, the low success rate of breeding, but the adult birds and sub-adult survival rate of birds is high. Migratory birds because of the migration process must be willing to pay, so the adult birds and the survival rate of sub-adult birds Medium, at the same time as the return to the north temperate zone breeding, the time will be later than the local resident birds, but will also be a good place to stay nest birds to occupy, so the success rate of propagation is also moderate (Gill 1990 years). Tropical migratory birds to stay in temperate resident birds High breeding success rate of low The survival rate of adult birds in the high-low Sub-adult birds with low survival rates until the middle of the high - [Edit this paragraph] migration process When the migration of birds in general by the length of sunshine, but weather conditions and wind direction, wind speed will also affect the size of migration time. Sunlight will affect the length of the endocrine birds in the migration season comes so that the behavior of birds becoming restless, called migratory restlessness (migratory restlessness), at this time if the weather and wind direction, wind speed conditions are suitable, the birds began to migration. Changes in the length of sunshine laws is, therefore, also most of the migratory birds migrate very fixed, and that is why every year in early October there will be fixed in a large number of gray-faced buzzard transit Kenting, Baguashan spring back north of the gray-faced buzzard are fixed at March before and after the peak on the 21st. In general, birds of prey in fine weather migration, use the day off of the hot air currents over the depletion of energy can be minimized; small songbirds birds migrate at night are more than is generally believed that this could have been avoided at the time of the day the threat of predators. Migration is the most important source of energy for body fat. Small non-migratory birds in the body of the body fat of normal body weight accounted for 3 to 5%, short-distance migration of birds in the 13 ~ 25%, while the long-range or intercontinental migration of birds, body fat weight can be up to of 30 ~ 47% (Berthold 1975 years). Small birds often migrate hundreds of kilometers to be 1 to 3 days to add energy. Wetland because the food is rich in resources, migration of birds often become a way station for added energy. Of migratory birds, the migration time reduced short survivors, in the face of the cost of migration may be lower, the earlier the arrival of wintering at the same time are also more able to find good habitat as soon as possible to reduce the wintering birds and other types of competitive pressures. So that they remain at the halfway point of time is very short, but rich in food resources, a way station for a few days so that weight gain can double the efficiency of such feeding is very alarming. Therefore, in the fall and spring wetland often large group of water birds can be seen, but the composition of bird species in a very short period of time there will be a great change. Bird migration is generally believed that the path from genetic, in particular, a number of bird species in the first sub-adult bird migration, in the absence of the parent birds can still be successful and lead to reach the wintering, which illustrates the importance of genetic. But there are also many birds migrate through the learning comes through the following sub-adult bird migration and the acquisition of pro-bird migration path.