秋天里的松鼠
共同点:都需要做财务计算,计算公司的财务数据。(其实共同点可以举出很多,但都是基于财务方面的)区别:1. 雇佣方雇佣审计的通常是企业本身或者监管部门。而雇佣尽职调查的通常是投资人,收购/并购方或者贷款方。在计税、上市、年检或年报时做的是审计;而在收购/并购、股权投资和贷款时做的是尽职调查。2.目的:审计的目的是为了客观的反映目标公司当前的财务情况(对象是好人);而尽职调查的目的更偏向寻找过去的问题以及做出对未来的预期(对象是坏人)。审计计算的是当前的价值;而尽职调查侧重于解答雇佣方(客户)的疑惑以及反映某种价值趋势。3. 途径审计是通过资料作出证据搜集及分析,以评估企业财务状况,然后就资料及准则之间的相关程度作出结论及报告。这个准则,在美国会是GAAP。而尽职调查,通常包括财务、法律和业务三方面;而且基于目的的不同,尽职调查并没有专门的「准则」,而是根据需求制定具体的调查方案。4. 执行人基于第三点,审计的执行人通常是审计师或者说会计事务所;而尽职调查通常会包括审计师、律师以及业务专家。第三方尽职调查;即雇佣专门的第三方团队进行DD。而这些第三方团队中,通常会包括大量的审计和法律从业人士,以及不同行业的专家。第三方尽职调查为了满足客户需求,同时提供专业意见,会更详尽严格。说起来,就是「被动保证」。5. 重点审计的重点是提供真实可靠的数据,而依据多是过往的会计记录、合同协议和公司运营资料。而尽职调查,如果要我说来,更重要的是on-the-ground;即除了在纸面上的探索之外,还需要实务上的调研。举例而言,尽职调查需要了解对象与上下游之间的关系,对象产品的市场前景,对象的公司的系统架构和主要管理者背景,对象的渠道和营销模式,公司的基础硬件等等。而这些,在做审计时未必会涉及到。6. 一点私人概括如果非要概括的说个实质区别,一个不算适当的类比:审计是「对事」;而尽职调查更像是「对人」。
甜心小葡萄499
分类: 商业/理财 解析: 尽 职 调 查 提 纲 Contents of Due Diligence Report 一:企业基本情况、发展历史及结构:The basic information, evolvement and anizational structure of the pany 法定注册登记情况 Registration 股权结构 Ownership structure 下属公司 Subsidiaries and branches 重大的收购及出售资产事件 Key events of purchasing and selling assets 经营范围 Business scope 二:企业人力资源 Human resources 管理架构(部门及人员)Management structure (Departments and staffing) 董事及高级管理人员的简历 Resume of Directors of the Board and members of the upper management team 酬薪及奖励安排 Policies on pensations, rewards and penalties 员工的工资及整体薪酬结构 Salary structure 员工招聘及培训情况 Recruitments and training arrangements 退休金安排 Benefits Policy, . Pensions 三:市场营销及客户资源 Marketing, Sales and Customer resources 产品及服务 Products and services 重要商业合同 Important business contracts 市场结构 Market structure 销售渠道 Distribution channels 销售条款 Sales policies and terms 销售流程 Sales management procedure 定价政策 Pricing policy 信用额度管理 Credit & Risk exposure management 市场推广及销售策略 Marketing and sales strategy 促销活动 Promotion activities 售后服务 Post-sales services 客户构成及忠诚度 Customer base position and customer loyalty 四:企业资源及生产流程管理 Enterprise resources and production management 1. 加工厂 Factory and plant 2. 生产设备及使用效率 Equipments and production capacity 3. 研究及开发 Research and development 4. 采购策略 Purchasing policy 5. 采购渠道 Purchasing channels 6. 供应商 Suppliers 7. 重大商业合同 Important business contracts 五:经营业绩 Business performance 会计政策 Accounting policy 历年审计意见 Auditing results of the last three years if available 三年的经营业绩、营业额及毛利详尽分析 Analysis on business performance, sales revenue and gross profit of the last three years if available 三年的经营及管理费用分析 Analysis on operation and administration expenses of the last three years if available 三年的非经常项目及异常项目分析 Analysis on non-frequent and abnormal activities of the last three years if available 各分支机构对整体业绩的贡献水平分析 Analysis on the contribution of each subsidiary to the overall business performance 六、公司主营业务的行业分析 Industry *** ysis 行业现状及发展前景 Current situation and anticipation of industry development trend 中国特殊的经营环境和经营风险分析 Analysis on business environment and operational risks in China 公司在该行业中的地位及影响 The subject pany’s position and influence in the industry 七:公司财务情况 Financial status 三年的资产负债表分析 Three years Balance Sheet if available 资产投保情况分析 Analysis on assets insurance status 外币资产及负债 Capital and debts in foreign currency 历年财务报表的审计师及审计意见 Auditors’ opinion on the financial reports of the past years 最近三年的财务预算及执行情况 Financial budgets and performing status of the last three years if available 固定资产 Fixed assets 或有项目(资产、负债、收入、损失)Contingent Items on assets, debts, ine, losses 无形资产(专利、商标、其他知识产权)Intangible Assets, . patent, logo and other intellectual property rights 八:利润预测 Profitability forecast 未来两年的利润预测 Profit forecast of the next o years 预测的假设前提 Assumptions of the forecast 预测的数据基础 Foundation of the forecast 本年预算的执行情况 Current year’s budget performing status 九:现金流量预测 Cash flow forecast 资金信贷额度 Commercial and Bank Credit Limits 贷款需要 Needs on loans 借款条款 Borrowing terms 十:公司债权和债务 Creditor’s rights and liability (一)债权 Creditor’s Rights 债权基本情况明细 Details of rights 债权有无担保及担保情况 Collateral/guarantee status on the rights 债权期限 Duration of the creditor’s rights 债权是否提起诉讼 Legal actions pursued (二)债务 Debts and Liabilities 1.债务基本情况明细 Details of the liability 2.债务有无担保及担保情况Collateral/guarantee status on the Liabilities 3.债务抵押、质押情况 Mortgage and pledge 4.债务期限 Duration of the liabilities 5.债务是否提起诉讼 Legal actions pursued 十一:公司的不动产、重要动产及无形资产 Properties, valuable assets and intangible assets 土地权属 Land property 房产权属 House property 车辆清单 Automobiles 专利权及专有技术 Patents and self-developed technologies 以上资产抵押担保情况 Mortgage and collateral status on the above listed assets 十二:公司涉诉事件 Lawsuits 作为原告诉讼事件 Lawsuit put out by the subject pany, as Plaintiff 作为被告诉讼事件 Lawsuit against the subject pany, as Defendant 十三:其他有关附注 Other issues and ments 公司股东、董事及主要管理者是否有违规情况 Violations by any of the shareholders, directors and executives if there’s any 公司有无重大违法经营情况 Significant business operational violations by the pany 上级部门对公司重大影响事宜 Impact and influence from government administrative departments on the subject pany 十四:企业经营面临主要问题 Business obstacles and operational difficulties 困难或积极因素 Obstacles & difficulties and the negative impacts or positive if there’s any 应对措施 Solutions
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