明朝英文故事

The Ming Dynasty (Chinese: 明朝; pinyin: Míng Cháo), or Empire of the Great Ming (traditional Chinese: 大明国; simplified Chinese: 大明国; pinyin: Dà Míng Guó), was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history," was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, which was itself soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, regimes loyal to the Ming throne (collectively called the Southern Ming) survived until 1662.Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368–1398) attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities in a rigid, immobile system that would have no need to engage with the commercial life and trade of urban centers. His rebuilding of China's agricultural base and strengthening of communication routes through the militarized courier system had the unintended effect of creating a vast agricultural surplus that could be sold at burgeoning markets located along courier routes. Rural culture and commerce became influenced by urban trends. The upper echelons of society embodied in the scholarly gentry class were also affected by this new consumption-based culture. In a departure from tradition, merchant families began to produce examination candidates to become scholar-officials and adopted cultural traits and practices typical of the gentry. Parallel to this trend involving social class and commercial consumption were changes in social and political philosophy, bureaucracy and governmental institutions, and even arts and literature.By the 16th century the Ming economy was stimulated by maritime trade with the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch. China became involved in a new global trade of goods, plants, animals, and food crops known as the Columbian Exchange. Trade with European powers and the Japanese brought in massive amounts of silver, which then replaced copper and paper banknotes as the common medium of exchange in China. During the last decades of the Ming the flow of silver into China was greatly diminished, thereby undermining state revenues and indeed the entire Ming economy. This damage to the economy was compounded by the effects on agriculture of the incipient Little Ice Age, natural calamities, crop failure, and sudden epidemics. The ensuing breakdown of authority and people's livelihoods allowed rebel leaders such as Li Zicheng to challenge Ming authority.

告诉我们官宦之家也并不是每天都大鱼大肉，山珍海味。也从另一个方面告诫为官之人，要清廉做官，清白做人，切不可铺张浪费，讲排场，顾面子，做有损他人或集体利益的事情。

Ming dynasty those things

陈Youliang死在战场上,一个月后最强的领袖朱离开中国。他是三十五岁。朱没抗拒又在战斗中,从这个观点上他的将军们战役作战,他直接来自于他的宫殿在南京。在1367朱的军队打败了其他主要的军阀,张石城、接续他为中心达州在苏州,先前包括长江三角洲的大部分,包括老人宋代资本杭州。[8][9]征服给朱的明政府机关在整个长度的长江和大部分的领土南北的河道。其他主要的军阀提交朱,在中国新年1368年(1月20日宣布自己是朱1368年)成祖在南京和采取“洪武”为标题王。他过去的这句话Exiling蒙古人,恢复华(华)”。在1368年、朱实现他的座右铭的承诺,为他的军队前往北部承担蒙古人。蒙古人,有点奇怪的是,放弃了北京(9月1368年)和其他中国北部没有多少反抗向北逃跑,他们的家园在现在的外蒙古。[10]所聚集的最后忠诚的元省份云南被攻取了统一与中国1380下又明。统治朱元璋皇帝之宣告公元1368年。首都留在南京,“洪武”的称号被采纳为王。在洪武、蒙古的官僚们曾主导的政府在近一个世纪以来,取代了元朝汉人。洪武修补了传统儒家考试制度,选州政府决定教科书或公务员优点的基础上的知识和文学、哲学最主要的经典。岗位候选人公务员,或者在军官兵团的军队,80,000-man再次必须通过传统的竞争考试的要求,是经典名著。儒家学者绅士在元、边缘将近一个世纪,再一次都以为,支配地位在中国的状态。相关的拒绝与蒙古的东西也一直持续到其他领域。其中包括蒙古的衣服,蒙古的名字被抛弃了,这不再是使用。事实上,袭击Mongol-associated项目和地方的攻击还包括宫殿和行政管理的大厦被元的统治者