赵县的英文

Zhaozhou Bridge The Zhaozhou Bridge (traditional Chinese: 赵州桥; simplified Chinese: 赵州桥; pinyin: Zhàozhōu Qiáo) is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge.[1] Credited to a craftsman named Li Chun, the bridge was constructed in the years 595-605 during the Sui Dynasty. Located in the southern part of Hebei Province, it is the oldest standing bridge in China, although the Chinese had built bridges over waterways since the ancient Zhou Dynasty. Name and location The Zhaozhou Bridge is also known as the Safe Crossing Bridge (traditional Chinese: 安济桥; simplified Chinese: 安济桥; pinyin: An Ji Qiáo, englished as the Anji Bridge) and the Great Stone Bridge (Chinese: 大石桥; pinyin: Dà Shí Qiáo). It crosses the Xiao River (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: 洨河; pinyin: Xiào Hé, Jiao He) in Zhao County, approximately 40 km southeast of the provincial capital Shijiazhuang. It is named for the nearby Zhao County (赵县), which was formerly known as Zhaozhou (赵州). Construction The Zhaozhou Bridge is about 50 m long with a central span of about 37 m. It stands 7.3 m tall and has a width of 9 m. The arch covers a circular segment less than a semicircle and has a rise-to-span ratio of approximately 1:5 (7.3 to 37 m). This is considerably smaller than the rise-to-span ratio of 1:2 of a semicircular arch bridge and subjects the abutments of the bridge to large forces. The central arch is made of 28 thin, curved limestone slabs which are joined with iron dovetails. This allows the arch to adjust to shifts in its supports, and prevents the bridge from collapsing even when a segment of the arch breaks. The bridge has two small side arches on either side of the main arch. These side arches serve two important functions: First, they reduce the total weight of the bridge by about 15.3% or approximately 700 tons, which is vital because of the low rise-to-span ratio and the large forces on the abutments it creates. Second, when the bridge is submerged during a flood, they allow water to pass through, thereby reducing the forces on the structure of the bridge. Li Chun's innovative spandrel-arch construction, while economising in materials, was also of considerable aesthetic merit. An inscription left on the bridge by Tang officials seventy years after its construction reads: “ This stone bridge over the Jiao River is the result of the work of the Sui engineer Li Chun. Its construction is indeed unusual, and no-one knows on what principle he made it. But let us observe his marvellous use of stone-work. Its convexity is so smooth, and the wedge-shaped stones fit together so perfectly... How lofty is the flying-arch! How large is the opening, yet without piers!.. Precise indeed are the cross-bondings and joints between the stones, masonry blocks delicately interlocking like mill wheels, or like the walls of wells; a hundred forms (organised into) one. And besides the mortar in the crevices there are slender-waisted iron cramps to bind the stones together. The four small arches inserted, on either side two, break the anger of the roaring floods, and protect the bridge mightily. Such a master-work could never have been achieved if this man had not applied his genius to the building of a work which would last for centuries to come.[2] ” Later history and reputation In the next 1400 years, the bridge survived at least eight wars, ten major floods and numerous earthquakes, the nearest of which being the 7.2 degree Xingtai Earthquake in 1966. Yet, the support structure remains intact and the bridge is still in use. Only the ornamental railings have been replaced every few hundred years. The intriguing design of the bridge has given rise to many legends. According to one legend, the bridge was built by a master architect named Lu Ban in a single night. In another story, the bridge was put to the test by two immortals who crossed it at the same time and Lu Ban saved it by wading into the water and supporting the structure. Although Ming Dynasty authors compared the bridge to "a new moon rising above the clouds" and "a long rainbow hanging on a mountain waterfall"[2], it later fell into obscurity. When Professor Liang Sicheng (梁思成) of Tsing Hua University rediscovered the bridge on a field exploration of ancient architecture in Hebei province, made detailed measurements, and published a report and drawing ("An Chi Ch'iao the Great Stone Bridge Chao Hsien, Hobei, Sui Dynasty AD 569-617, Li Chun Master Builder"), it became world famous. Zhaozhou Bridge was dedicated as an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1991. The Chinese authorities nominated it for incription on the World Heritage List as having "a very important place in the world bridge building history".[2] ************************************ You can tell your friend to google it online--Zhaozhou Bridge.参考资料：

In 1923, at Tsinghua University to study art-loving Sicheng soon graduated. Him to take into account the United States to study, but not yet decided what school. At this time Lin returned from Europe to recommend him building his own enthusiasm. She said: "Western classical architecture inspired me to be filled with the desire to take some home. We need to make a building a hundred years of architectural theory immortal!" So two people meet together to study the United States. In this way, art and architecture works together, has become their life-long career.One day, Liang and Lin received a parcel from the homeland, are wrapped inside an ancient Song Dynasty "to create a French", author叫李commandment. This is an official set out in the Northern Song Dynasty, similar to the architectural design of manuals and technical specifications of the building monographs, then no person can read. Sicheng custody by virtue of their own learning experience, which implied the hieroglyphics are different and unique architecture of Western language and system, it is possible to open the Chinese are building a history of a key.Sicheng books are sent by the father of Liang Chi-chao, and found that "to create a French" manuscripts and published the book朱启钤, Liang Chi-chao are friends, he later founded China's first study of the ancient building of academic institutions, - to create a Society of China . Sicheng and Lin Huiyin Xuecheng returned with a "create a French" go in Shenyang, in northeast Zhang served as the principal founder of the University Department of Architecture. However, "September 18" Incident interrupt their career has just begun. Thus, Sicheng add "China Society to create", to concentrate on research "to create the French."Sicheng and Lin Huiyin wedding are carefully selected, the day is "to create a French" author Lee's birthday commandment; and their son named Liang Congjie is also related to Lee commandment. It can be said that "to create a French" at this time has become a Sicheng a force of life. Then, Sicheng way to field trips, a nationwide survey the ancient building. He heard that someone had seen an ancient building photos, then allows for deeper investigation, a long bumpy ride to a small county, finally found a towering building, which is the earliest existing Chinese pavilion, built in the year AD 984. Accordingly, he published China's first scientific report of the ancient architectureJixian Guanyinge Shanmen test."Hebei civil Minor "small cattle" in the sentence has to sing: "the bridge, the tower should be the county." Sicheng think, now that the bridgetrue, then should not the county's non-existent tower. He accordingly found Yingxian Wooden Tower!: "At dusk, I suddenly saw the dark purple background has a flash of precious stones - that are in the nearby mountains in a red and white reflecting the golden pagoda sunset." Sicheng and even bare hands to climb on more than 10 meters high, surveying the thousands of rootless brackets to complete the earliest existing Wooden Pagoda in China of all survey and mapping work.

Zhaozhou Bridge The Zhaozhou Bridge (traditional Chinese: 赵州桥; simplified Chinese: 赵州桥; pinyin: Zhàozhōu Qiáo) is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge.[1] Credited to a craftsman named Li Chun, the bridge was constructed in the years 595-605 during the Sui Dynasty. Located in the southern part of Hebei Province, it is the oldest standing bridge in China, although the Chinese had built bridges over waterways since the ancient Zhou Dynasty.Name and locationThe Zhaozhou Bridge is also known as the Safe Crossing Bridge (traditional Chinese: 安济桥; simplified Chinese: 安济桥; pinyin: An Ji Qiáo, englished as the Anji Bridge) and the Great Stone Bridge (Chinese: 大石桥; pinyin: Dà Shí Qiáo). It crosses the Xiao River (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: 洨河; pinyin: Xiào Hé, Jiao He) in Zhao County, approximately 40 km southeast of the provincial capital Shijiazhuang. It is named for the nearby Zhao County (赵县), which was formerly known as Zhaozhou (赵州).ConstructionThe Zhaozhou Bridge is about 50 m long with a central span of about 37 m. It stands 7.3 m tall and has a width of 9 m. The arch covers a circular segment less than a semicircle and has a rise-to-span ratio of approximately 1:5 (7.3 to 37 m). This is considerably smaller than the rise-to-span ratio of 1:2 of a semicircular arch bridge and subjects the abutments of the bridge to large forces.The central arch is made of 28 thin, curved limestone slabs which are joined with iron dovetails. This allows the arch to adjust to shifts in its supports, and prevents the bridge from collapsing even when a segment of the arch breaks. The bridge has two small side arches on either side of the main arch. These side arches serve two important functions: First, they reduce the total weight of the bridge by about 15.3% or approximately 700 tons, which is vital because of the low rise-to-span ratio and the large forces on the abutments it creates. Second, when the bridge is submerged during a flood, they allow water to pass through, thereby reducing the forces on the structure of the bridge.Li Chun's innovative spandrel-arch construction, while economising in materials, was also of considerable aesthetic merit. An inscription left on the bridge by Tang officials seventy years after its construction reads:“ This stone bridge over the Jiao River is the result of the work of the Sui engineer Li Chun. Its construction is indeed unusual, and no-one knows on what principle he made it. But let us observe his marvellous use of stone-work. Its convexity is so smooth, and the wedge-shaped stones fit together so perfectly... How lofty is the flying-arch! How large is the opening, yet without piers!.. Precise indeed are the cross-bondings and joints between the stones, masonry blocks delicately interlocking like mill wheels, or like the walls of wells; a hundred forms (organised into) one. And besides the mortar in the crevices there are slender-waisted iron cramps to bind the stones together. The four small arches inserted, on either side two, break the anger of the roaring floods, and protect the bridge mightily. Such a master-work could never have been achieved if this man had not applied his genius to the building of a work which would last for centuries to come.[2] ” Later history and reputationIn the next 1400 years, the bridge survived at least eight wars, ten major floods and numerous earthquakes, the nearest of which being the 7.2 degree Xingtai Earthquake in 1966. Yet, the support structure remains intact and the bridge is still in use. Only the ornamental railings have been replaced every few hundred years.The intriguing design of the bridge has given rise to many legends. According to one legend, the bridge was built by a master architect named Lu Ban in a single night. In another story, the bridge was put to the test by two immortals who crossed it at the same time and Lu Ban saved it by wading into the water and supporting the structure.Although Ming Dynasty authors compared the bridge to "a new moon rising above the clouds" and "a long rainbow hanging on a mountain waterfall"[2], it later fell into obscurity. When Professor Liang Sicheng (梁思成) of Tsing Hua University rediscovered the bridge on a field exploration of ancient architecture in Hebei province, made detailed measurements, and published a report and drawing ("An Chi Ch'iao the Great Stone Bridge Chao Hsien, Hobei, Sui Dynasty AD 569-617, Li Chun Master Builder"), it became world famous.Zhaozhou Bridge was dedicated as an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1991. The Chinese authorities nominated it for incription on the World Heritage List as having "a very important place in the world bridge building history".[2]************************************You can tell your friend to google it online--Zhaozhou Bridge.

In 1923, tsinghua university, interest in reading of the liang sicheng art. He considered to study in the United States, but no decision learn anything. At that moment, from Europe to recommend returning LinHuiYin for their architecture. She said: "the western classical architecture inspired me, that I am filled with desire to bring some home. We need to make a hundred immortal architectural theory construction!" Hence two people meet test-taker number. Thus, an architecture art and engineering, became their lifelong career. One day, liang sicheng LinHuiYin and received a package from the motherland, the song dynasty is an ancient building ", the author li commandment. This is a book of the northern song dynasty, official architectural design manual and buildings like the technical specification, had no man books can understand. Liang sicheng on their own knowledge, this is the gobbledygook unique architectural language in western and system, may be the key to open the Chinese architecture. Books are the father of liang sicheng, liang qichao and found the building of this book was printed manuscripts and ZhuQi bells, liang qichao's friend, he later created the first study of Chinese ancient Chinese academic institutions, build society. - Liang sicheng LinHuiYin and learn homecoming, with "create French" to shenyang, in the northeast university as a principal chang established architecture. But the September 18th incident, "they just started the interruption. Hence, liang sicheng join ", "China construction society of the French research focused on building. Liang sicheng LinHuiYin and the wedding is carefully choosing, it is the author of "building the birthday; lee, And their son named LiangCongJie, and li commandment. Say "build" this has become a French life affects liang sicheng a force. Then, by way of the field investigation liang sicheng, in a nationwide survey of ancient. He heard someone saw a photograph, and ancient ShunTengMoGua, bus bumped into a small town with a long, finally found a majestic building, it is the earliest extant in China, was founded in 152. Accordingly, he published the first Chinese ancient science report: "jixian terraces of GuanYinGe temple stand. Hebei folk tunes "small cattle in zhaoxian county sing:" a wooden bridge, the tower." Liang sicheng, since the bridge in zhaoxian county to the wooden tower, it shouldn't fictitiousing zero. He was found on so! In the hinterland of hardships is liang sicheng unbelievable, but we can realize he turns exciting moments TaPoTieXie, "at dusk, I suddenly saw in the dark purple background a flash of gem -- that is near the mountains around a red-and-white pagoda reflects the golden sunset." Liang sicheng even unarmed climb 10 meters high, thousands of DaCha root bridge, he finished the China's earliest existing fu-gong temple of all the surveying and mapping work. 回答者： ttgttgttg - 经理 五级 2-18 16:101923年，在清华大学读书、爱好美术的梁思成快毕业了。他考虑到美国留学，但没有决定学什么。此时从欧洲归来的林徽因向他推荐了自己热衷的建筑。她说：“西方的古典建筑启发了我，使我充满了要带一些回国的欲望。我们需要一种能使建筑百年不朽的建筑理论！”于是两个人相约一起赴美留学。就这样，集艺术与工程一体的建筑，成了他们毕生的事业。 一天，梁思成和林徽因收到一个来自祖国的包裹，包裹里面是一部宋代古籍《营造法式》，作者叫李诫。这是一本北宋官订的，类似建筑设计手册和建筑技术规范的专著，当时已没有人能看懂。梁思成凭借自己学养感受到，这本天书所蕴涵的是不同西方的独特的建筑语言和体系，有可能是打开中国建筑史的一把钥匙。 书是梁思成的父亲梁启超寄的，而发现《营造法式》手抄本并刊印了此书的朱启钤，是梁启超的朋友，他后来创建了中国第一个研究古建筑的学术机构，——中国营造学社。 梁思成与林徽因学成归国，带着《营造法式》去了沈阳，在张学良担任校长的东北大学创办了建筑系。但“九一八”事变中断了他们刚刚开始的事业。于是，梁思成加入“中国营造学社”，专心研究《营造法式》。 梁思成和林徽因的婚期是精心择定的，那天是《营造法式》作者李诫的生日；而他们的儿子取名梁从诫，也和李诫相关。可以说《营造法式》这时已成为牵动梁思成生命的一种力量。 而后，梁思成以田野考察的方式，在全国范围内调查古建筑。他听说有人见到过一张古建筑照片，于是顺藤摸瓜，乘车长途颠簸到一个小县城，终于找到了一座巍峨的建筑，这就是中国现存最早的楼阁，建于公元984年。据此，他发表了我国第一篇古建筑科学报告：《蓟县独乐寺观音阁山门考》。 河北民间小调《小放牛》中有一句唱：“赵县的桥，应县的塔。”梁思成想，既然赵县的桥确有其事，那应县的塔也不该子虚乌有。他据此找到了应县木塔！ 梁思成在穷乡僻壤的艰辛是难以想象的，但我们能够体会到他踏破铁鞋、峰回路转时刻的兴奋：“黄昏时分，我蓦地看到在暗紫色的背景下有一颗闪光的宝石——那是在附近的群山环抱中一座红白相间的宝塔映照着金色的落日。” 梁思成甚至是徒手攀爬上十多米高的塔刹，测量了几千根的梁架斗拱，完成了这个中国现存最早的木塔的全部测绘工作。 In 1923, at Tsinghua University to study art-loving Sicheng soon graduated. Him to take into account the United States to study, but not yet decided what school. At this time Lin returned from Europe to recommend him building his own enthusiasm. She said: "Western classical architecture inspired me to be filled with the desire to take some home. We need to make a building a hundred years of architectural theory immortal!" So two people meet together to study the United States. In this way, art and architecture works together, has become their life-long career. One day, Liang and Lin received a parcel from the homeland, are wrapped inside an ancient Song Dynasty "to create a French", author叫李commandment. This is an official set out in the Northern Song Dynasty, similar to the architectural design of manuals and technical specifications of the building monographs, then no person can read. Sicheng custody by virtue of their own learning experience, which implied the hieroglyphics are different and unique architecture of Western language and system, it is possible to open the Chinese are building a history of a key. Sicheng books are sent by the father of Liang Chi-chao, and found that "to create a French" manuscripts and published the book朱启钤, Liang Chi-chao are friends, he later founded China's first study of the ancient building of academic institutions, - to create a Society of China . Sicheng and Lin Huiyin Xuecheng returned with a "create a French" go in Shenyang, in northeast Zhang served as the principal founder of the University Department of Architecture. However, "September 18" Incident interrupt their career has just begun. Thus, Sicheng add "China Society to create", to concentrate on research "to create the French." Sicheng and Lin Huiyin wedding are carefully selected, the day is "to create a French" author Lee's birthday commandment; and their son named Liang Congjie is also related to Lee commandment. It can be said that "to create a French" at this time has become a Sicheng a force of life. Then, Sicheng way to field trips, a nationwide survey the ancient building. He heard that someone had seen an ancient building photos, then allows for deeper investigation, a long bumpy ride to a small county, finally found a towering building, which is the earliest existing Chinese pavilion, built in the year AD 984. Accordingly, he published China's first ancient building scientific reports: "独乐寺Jixian Guanyinge Shanmen test." Hebei civil Minor "small cattle" in the sentence has to sing: "赵县the bridge, the tower should be the county." Sicheng think, now that the bridge赵县true, then should not the county's non-existent tower. He accordingly found Yingxian Wooden Tower! Sicheng in rural hardships are unimaginable, but we can appreciate him踏破iron shoes, and winding paths of the exciting moment: "the evening, I suddenly saw the dark purple background has a flash of precious stones - that are in the vicinity of mountains in a red and white reflecting the golden pagoda sunset. " Sicheng even climbing on hand are more than 10 meters high塔刹, surveying the thousands of rootless梁架brackets to complete the earliest existing Wooden Pagoda in China of all survey and mapping work. 回答者： 晴子の爱 - 见习魔法师 二级 2-18 18:51In 1923, at Tsinghua University to study art-loving Sicheng soon graduated. Him to take into account the United States to study, but not yet decided what school. At this time Lin returned from Europe to recommend him building his own enthusiasm. She said: "Western classical architecture inspired me to be filled with the desire to take some home. We need to make a building a hundred years of architectural theory immortal!" So two people meet together to study the United States. In this way, art and architecture works together, has become their life-long career. One day, Liang and Lin received a parcel from the homeland, are wrapped inside an ancient Song Dynasty "to create a French", author叫李commandment. This is an official set out in the Northern Song Dynasty, similar to the architectural design of manuals and technical specifications of the building monographs, then no person can read. Sicheng custody by virtue of their own learning experience, which implied the hieroglyphics are different and unique architecture of Western language and system, it is possible to open the Chinese are building a history of a key. Sicheng books are sent by the father of Liang Chi-chao, and found that "to create a French" manuscripts and published the book朱启钤, Liang Chi-chao are friends, he later founded China's first study of the ancient building of academic institutions, - to create a Society of China . Sicheng and Lin Huiyin Xuecheng returned with a "create a French" go in Shenyang, in northeast Zhang served as the principal founder of the University Department of Architecture. However, "September 18" Incident interrupt their career has just begun. Thus, Sicheng add "China Society to create", to concentrate on research "to create the French." Sicheng and Lin Huiyin wedding are carefully selected, the day is "to create a French" author Lee's birthday commandment; and their son named Liang Congjie is also related to Lee commandment. It can be said that "to create a French" at this time has become a Sicheng a force of life. Then, Sicheng way to field trips, a nationwide survey the ancient building. He heard that someone had seen an ancient building photos, then allows for deeper investigation, a long bumpy ride to a small county, finally found a towering building, which is the earliest existing Chinese pavilion, built in the year AD 984. Accordingly, he published China's first scientific report of the ancient architectureJixian Guanyinge Shanmen test." Hebei civil Minor "small cattle" in the sentence has to sing: "the bridge, the tower should be the county." Sicheng think, now that the bridgetrue, then should not the county's non-existent tower. He accordingly found Yingxian Wooden Tower! : "At dusk, I suddenly saw the dark purple background has a flash of precious stones - that are in the nearby mountains in a red and white reflecting the golden pagoda sunset." Sicheng and even bare hands to climb on more than 10 meters high, surveying the thousands of rootless brackets to complete the earliest existing Wooden Pagoda in China of all survey and mapping work.

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