张小小晴晴
网球(tennis)是一项优美而激烈的运动，网球运动的由来和发展可以用四句话来概括：孕育在法国，诞生在英国，开始普及和形成高潮在美国，现在盛行全世界，被称为世界第二大球类运动。现代网球运动一般包括室内网球和室外网球两种形式。网球运动最早起源于12至13世纪法国传教士在教堂回廊里用手掌击球的一种游戏。后来成为宫廷里的一种室内消遣娱乐活动。也有人认为，网球运动的起源应追溯到“百年战争”（1337年～1453年英法两国战争）以前在法国民间流传的一种名叫海欧·德·巴乌麦的球类游戏。据说这种游戏是两个人进行的，每人各执一个球拍，球场的周围筑有围墙，球撞到墙上后被弹回去，而后过网。因此，无论从使用的场地和器具上，还是从进行游戏的方法上，它与现代网球运动都有许多相似之处，所以有人把它看作是网球运动的原初形态。网球的直径在6.541和6.858公分之间。起初的网球，只是两个半球填充草、树叶或头发等制成的，后来随着网球的不断发展，球的制作也越来越讲究。现代网球运动的历史一般是从1873年开始的。那年，英国人沃尔特·克洛普顿·温菲尔德将早期的网球打法加以改进，使之成为夏天在草坪上进行的一种体育活动，并取名“草地网球”。同年还出版了一本以《草地网球》为题的小册子，对这种活动进行宣传和推广。所以温菲尔德被称为“近代网球的创始人”。此后网球便成为一项室内、户外都能进行的体育项目。同时在英国各地建立网球运动俱乐部。1875年又建立了全英网球运动俱乐部。这个俱乐部建造了世界上的第一个网球场地，并于1877年举办了全英草地网球男子单打锦标赛，即后来闻名于世的温布尔登网球赛。网球运动的广泛开展和比赛活动的日益频繁，没有统一的规则当然是不行的。于是在1876年，由一些地区的著名网球运动俱乐部派出代表，一起开会研究和讨论制定一个全英统一的网球规则。经过多次协商，各方代表终于对网球运动的场地、设备、打法和比赛等方面取得了一致的意见，并形成了一个统一的规则。大约在1878年以后，英国大多数网球俱乐部都逐渐按照新的打法开展活动，进行训练和比赛。 1874年， 网球场地规格[2]在百慕大度假的美国女士玛丽·奥特布里奇在观看了英国军官的网球比赛后，对这项体育活动颇感兴趣，于是将网球规则、网拍和网球带到纽约。在美国，网球运动最初是在东部各学校中开展的，不久就传到中部、西部，进而在全美得到普及。此时网球运动已经由草地上演变到可以在沙土上、水泥地上、柏油地上举行比赛，于是“网球（Tennis）”的名称就慢慢替代了“草地网球（LawnTennis）”的名称，这是我们今天网球（Tennis）名称的由来。 现代网球运动开展的初期，妇女常被排斥在外，其理由是网球运动不适合于妇女。同时认为妇女参加网球运动，有伤风化。因此早期的网球比赛只设有男子单打和双打两项，不设女子网球项目。但是一些女选手不仅敢于冲破社会舆论和家庭的阻挠，而且技术水平有的还超过了男选手。在一些非正规的单打比赛中常常出现一边是男选手、另一边是女选手的情况。这才迫使一些网球俱乐部不得不破除这一禁令，允许妇女参加这一运动。所以从1879年开始诞生了男女混合双打比赛，这是妇女自身努力奋斗的结果。 1878年，第一次男子双打锦标赛在英格兰举行。1879年，第一次女子单打和混合双打比赛在爱尔兰举行。1884年，温布尔登增加了女子单打和男子双打锦标赛。1913年又增加了女双和混双锦标赛。 1881年，世界上出现了第一个全国性的网球协会，即美国全国草地网球协会（“全国”两字于1920年取消）。该会于当年8月31日至9月3日，在罗得岛纽波特港举行第一届美国草地网球男子单打和男子双打锦标赛，采 网球比赛场地[3]用了温布尔登的比赛规则，参加比赛的有26人。 美国全国草地网协主席德怀特和美国男单冠军西尔斯，也是最早参加温布尔登锦标赛的海外运动员。 1887年，开始举行美国草地网球女子单打锦标赛，女子双打和混合双打分别开始于1890年和1892年。 1891年，法国首次举行男子单打和男子双打锦标赛，参加者限于法国公民，女子单打始于1897年。 1900年，21岁的美国网球运动员戴维斯，为了推动现代网球运动的发展，捐赠了一只黄金村里的纯银大钵，名为戴维斯杯。它后来成为国际网坛声望最高的男子团体锦标赛的永久性的流动奖杯。每年的冠军队和队员的名字刻在杯上，当1920年刻满名字后，戴维斯又捐赠了一只垫盒，以后又增添了两只托盘。 1904年，澳大利亚草地网球协会成立，并于1905年开始主办澳大利亚锦标赛，设男子单打、男子双打两个项目。1922年又增加了女子单打、女子双打和混合双打三项。法国网球锦标赛、英国温布尔登网球锦标赛、美国 网球球童[4]网球锦标赛和澳大利亚网球锦标赛合在一起是世界上最有声望的“大满贯”网球锦标赛。任何一名选手或一组双打选手能在同一赛季中，赢得这四个锦标赛的冠军时，便获得“大满贯”优胜者的荣誉。 1913年3月1日，由澳大利亚等12个国家的网球协会代表，在巴黎成立了国际网球联合会（ITF），协调国际网球活动，安排全年比赛日程表，修订网球规则并监督它的执行。 1919年，抽签采用“种子”制度。1927年，英国首创无缝网球，使球速加快。1945年至60年代，网球趋向职业化。1963年开始举办女子团体赛——联合会杯赛。1968年温布尔登首先实行不区分业余选手和职业选手的参赛制度。1972年，国际男子职业网球选手协会成立。1973年，国际女子网球协会成立。 1896年在雅典举行的现代第一届奥运会上，网球的男子单打与双打被列为正式比赛项目。后来，由于国际奥委会和国际网球联合会在“业余运动员”问题上有分歧，已经进行了连续七届的奥运会网球比赛项目被取消。直到1984年的洛杉矾奥运会上，网球才被列为表演项目。到1988年的汉城奥运会上，网球重新被列为正式比赛项目。 因为最原始的网球运动是起源于宫廷之中，所以计分方法就地取材是可以理解的。他们拿可以拨动的时钟来计分，每得一次分就将时钟转动四分之一，也就是15分(a quarter，一刻)，同理，得两次分就将时钟拨至30分，当然一切都是以他们的方便为基础。这就是15分、30分的由来。 至于40分，它比较怪异，它不是15的倍数。这是因为在英文中，15分念作“fifteen”，为双音节，而30分念作“thirty”，也是双音节；但是45分，英文念作“forty-five”，变成了三个音节，当时着英国人觉得有点拗口，也不符合“方便”的原则，于是就把它改成同为双音节的40分(forty)。这就是看来不合逻辑的40分的由来。 虽然这样的计分方法看来有些奇怪，但还是依循传统沿用至今，毕竟大家都已经习惯了这种来自宫廷的计分方法。编辑本段网球协会ITF——国际网球联合会 传奇——桑普拉斯国际网球联合会(International Tennis Federation,ITF)，简称国际网联,1912年在法国巴黎成立。现有协会会员191个。其中119个为正式会员,72个为无表决权的联系会员。国际网联的正式用语为英语、法语和西班牙语，在文本有歧义时，以英语为准。 从1896年到1924年,网球为奥运会的比赛项目。此后，国际网联因运动员参赛资格问题而与国际奥委会发生冲突，网球不再是奥运会项目，直到1988年才重新进入奥运会。 国际网联的任务是制定、修改和实施网球规则，在各级水平上促进全世界网球运动的发展，在国际上维护网球运动的利益，促进和鼓励网球的教学，为国际赛事制定和实施规则，裁定国际网联认可的正式网球锦标赛，增强协会会员的影响力，维护联合会的独立，确定运动员的资格，管理业余、职业及业余一职业混和型比赛，合理使用联合会的资金，维护网球界的团结及监督这些规则的实行等。（参加ITF词条）2.ATP——职业男子网球协会 ATP是Association of Tennis Professional的缩写，可以译为职业男子网球协会。 ATP系列赛又包括下面六种比赛： 1，大师杯赛； 2，世界双打锦标赛； 3，世界队际锦标赛； 4，网球大师系列赛，也就是所谓的超九赛事； 5，国际黄金系列赛； 6，国际系列赛。 国际系列赛是ATP最低级别的比赛，它比赛的总奖金分成40万美圆，60万美圆，80万美圆和100万美圆不等。而国际黄金系列赛的总奖金分为80万，100万美圆。九个大师赛的总奖金当然是超过1百万的，它们的奖金由各自的组委会来决定。我们以前的上海的喜力公开赛就是40万美圆的最低级别的ATP赛事。挑战系列赛的总奖金分为以下几类：2万5千美圆，5万美圆，3万7千5百美圆加免费住宿和早餐，7万5千美圆，10万美圆，12万5千美圆加免费住宿和早餐，15万美圆。拿参加一个五万美圆的挑战赛来说，如果获得冠军能拿到50分的ATP电脑排名分，和7千2百美圆的奖金。最后我们说一下WTA。它的赛事系统很简单，分为Tier 1-5级。最低级5级的总奖金为11万美圆，4级的总奖金为14万美圆，3级比赛的总奖金可以是17万美圆和22万5千美圆，2级的总奖金为58万5千美圆和65万美圆，最高级1级的总奖金可以是126万2千美圆，132万5千美圆，200万美圆。WTA——职业女子网球协会
心无车马喧
演讲是一种社会活动，是用于公众场合的宣传形式。它为了以思想、感情、事例和理论来晓喻听众，打动听众，“征服”群众，必须要有现实的针对性。一起来看看2分钟英语 励志演讲 短文，欢迎查阅!
英语励志演讲短文1
Last night, I watched a tennis game, it was the US open, because there was a Chinese female player came to the semi-final, so I stayed up to watched the game. Unluckily, she was injured twice, though she still wanted to finish the game, her body situation did not allow her to do so. Her insistence moved so many audience, they gave her the biggest applause.
The power of insistence is great, it will help you set free your potential and keep move on. Just for the players, they will face all kinds of incidences now and then, but the will to insist will make them finish the game. Sometimes, people win the game not because of their excellent skills, but their strong will. Those who can stick on to the final line will win people’s applause.
What’s more, when people insist to finish the game, it is the respect that they show to their opponents. Their spirit deserves people’s applause. Insistence is a merit, we should keep it, no matter what we do, we must remember to insist.
昨晚，我看了一场 网球 比赛，那是美国网球公开赛，因为有中国女选手来到了半决赛，所以我熬夜看了比赛。很不幸地，她两次受伤，虽然她仍然想要完成比赛，但是她的身体状况不允许她坚持下去。她的坚持感动了很多观众，他们给予了她最大的掌声。
坚持的力量是很伟大的，它能让你发挥你的潜力，并且一直走下去。对于运动员，他们会时而不时地面对各种各样的意外，但是坚持比赛的意志会让他们完成比赛。有时候，人们赢得比赛并不是因为他们出色的技巧，而是他们坚强的意志。那些能坚持到终点的人会赢得人们的掌声。
而且，当人们坚持完成比赛，也是对对手的一种尊重。他们的精神值得人们鼓掌。坚持是一种美德，我们应该保持，无论做什么，我们都要记得坚持。
英语励志演讲短文2
Compared with the forty year old shabby dormitory I am living in now, the one I lived in for three years in high school was heaven: three students shared one brand new suite with air conditioners and a bathroom.
In three years time we changed it thoroughly:the color of the floor turned from bright pink into muddy gray, and the closet a hive of insects proliferating among piles of rotten fruit.And our masterpiece was the bathroom, a never drying swamp which served as the habitat of various kinds of mold, and even rodents, rats would occasionally take the trouble to pay us a visit, and.., all three of us felt like sobbing when we at last had to say good bye to our lovely filthy dormitory. Maybe it is because that the dormitory had changed us as well as we'd changed it.
The first lesson our dormitory taught us was to look after ourselves. Frankly speaking, we were not good students at all. I still remember the underwear that was soaked in soapy water for one and a half years before it was finally thrown away. Almost each of the boys' dormitories had gradually developed its own unique "fragrance" usually a mixture of rotten fruit, unwashed socks, stunk towels and some junk food. We could tell one dormitory from another by sniffing instead of looking. Our tolerance towards untidiness was amazing.
However, in spite of all this, we really did make some progress. Bit by bit, we started to wash dirty clothes before they stunk, cleaned the garbage bin when it could hold no more trash, we even used brushes in a not-sc-successful attempt to refurbish the floor. The point was that we were not obeying any order, we did every bit of the cleaning for ourselves, because we wanted to live in a better place. Though nothing we did could be called an achievement, it was the first time we fully bore the consequences of our behavior, and took the responsibility.
Thus it was not surprising that I often found myself the only one to clean up my university dormitory which looked no better than a garbage bin when my roommates felt normal of it.
When talking about our dormitory life, and probably all the dormitory life, we should never leave out one thing. This was what we called "bed talks". Though it was considered "illegal,"there was nothing to stop us from deliberately starting a heated discussion right after lights were out. It was our favorite and the only way of ending our day, and we were as punctual for it as our parents are for work. What was the most common topic?Girls, of course! What other topics were there for three energetic adolescent males lying comfortably in bed? We judged them,ranked them, argued over them night after night without feeling the slightest sense of boredom for three whole years. Were we
maniacs? Who is not a maniac at eighteen?
英语励志演讲短文3
The first time in life? Then grasp your chance with your perfect performance on the dating night, by learning the following principle in heart.
Dress properly. While everyone wants to give an impressive debut on the first date, you should avoid wearing something too bizarre to be accepted. If you are still in school, a sportswear can fulfill your purpose. For businessman or grownups, casual clothes are recommended. Never put up your working uniforms,no matter how well you like that Armani suit. It is no work. A few accessories such as a pair of sunglasses or silver loops on the wrist can add up to the romance sphere.
Take a bath before dating. And if you like, spray a little perfume, but unless you're sure that he or she likes the smell,don't use ones that are too strong.
Watch your manner. You're no prince of the Scotland nor Cinderella in the legend. Proper manners will ensure a lasting relationship while bad ones scare away your sweetheart. And do make sure you do not boast about your fortune, for, not everyone are green addicts. And your way of smiling, or your greatestoath, should neither be "coy" nor "by St. Loy!" after the nun in Chaucer.
Be a little sensitive than merely innocent. Do make sure you do not intrude his or her privacy on the first date. For there maybe something deeply concealed within the inner core of every heart, of which the owner doesn't share often with anyone but his intimacy.
Finally, wish you good luck. May you get your hearts combined and start a new journey in the miracle of life and love. Stay tuned till a borderline is reached, and keep on through out the whole way.
简评 看来第一次约会真是令人兴奋并紧张期待的。为第一次约会所提出的建议也是仁者见仁、智者见智。王永同学用词简单、结构精炼，读起来节奏快，例如：“Dress Properly....If you are still in school，a sportswear can fulfill your purpose.For businessman Orgrowmups，casual clothes are recommended.”这样的 文章 结构像是在提醒我们时不我待，要抓住机会，抓紧时间。
英语励志演讲短文4
Disabled people are normal people, except that they can not see as much as we can, or they can not walk as fast as we can. Since they can not see as much, or they can not walk as fast, they need our help.
We can immediately do a long list of ways in which we can help them, for instance, Each student finds some one to help, in the neighborhood or the community. You can help them to cross the road. You can help pushing their wheel chairs. l Set up kind of organization. Collect some money. Use this money to help them, to buy them daily necessities, to help their children finish school. As they are disabled, it is more difficult for them to earn as much as normal people do. That’s why they usually need help in physical things. As they are disabled, they feel lonely. They think they are not as good as normal people. They easily become lonely, sad, disappointed. They easily lose hope of life. They need help more in spiritual things. They need people to chat with. They need people to encourage them to continue their lives. They need people to get rid of prejudices over them. Now, I would suggest, do whatever we can to help them. We can donate our pocket money. We can walk up to help the disabled to cross the street. We can make friends with the disabled by visiting them, by calling them, by emailing them, by whatever means. However, don’t always think we are better than the disabled. As normal people, we always make normal mistakes.
We take it for granted that we can see things while the blind can not. If you know the story about Helen Keller, you will understand why you are wrong. The blind can not see with their bare eyes, but they can see better with their ears. They can see better with their hands. So, help the disabled while you treat them like normal people. And they are normal people!
英语励志演讲短文5
Nick, a 25-year-old Australian, was born without limbs. He used to be made fun of for looking like a monster. Everything seemed impossible to him. However, Nick never gave up. With great efforts, he finally learned to swim, fish and even surf. What surprised me is that he completed a university education and got two degrees. And now he is the CEO of two companies. Nick believes: Attitude is altitude. In his eyes, nothing is impossible. He thinks a positive attitude is the key to success.
After reading Nick’s story, I have been feeling inspired by his spirit. Compared with him, we are healthy enough to enjoy life. Somehow, we are always frustrated facing difficulties. I think Nick has set a good example to us. Try to appreciate what we do have and be more persevering and we will achieve success in the end.
