赤潮的英文

赤潮是指水中浮游植物量增大，使海水变色的现象，颜色通常在暗红—茶色之间变化居多，赤潮不仅使鱼类（特别是无处逃难的养殖鱼）因鳃塞而致死，而且在某些赤潮发生时，生物体内的有毒物质经食物链被贝类富集，成为贝类中毒的原因。 赤潮的特征通常是海域中为数不多的特定种类赤潮生物的爆发性增殖，而在特定的营养环境条件下，氮、磷负荷增大而促成赤潮形成。Red tide phytoplankton in the water is increased, so that the phenomenon of discolouration of water, usually in Anjiang colors - brown between changes in most of the red tide not only fish (especially the farmed fish have nowhere to flee) died because of the gill Cypriots, and In some occurrence of red tide, the toxic substances in the body through the food chain by shellfish enrichment, a shellfish poisoning causes. Red Tide is usually the characteristics of the waters in a small number of specific types of the outbreak of red tide biological proliferation, and in particular the nutritional conditions, nitrogen, phosphorus load contributed to the increase of red tide formed.http://baike.baidu.com/view/773.html

earthquake地震 flood洪水 cyclone飓风 strom tide风暴潮 hail冰雹 volcanic explosion火山爆发 mudflow泥石流 tsunami海啸 typhoon台风 aridity干旱 acid rain酸雨 landslide山崩 red tide赤潮 sandstorm沙尘暴 magnetic storm磁暴 typhoon台风 water pollution水体污染 soil and water loss水土流失 desertification沙漠化

英文名称：red-tide organisms

What are Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)?Marine and fresh waters teem with life, much of it microscopic, and most of it harmless; in fact, it is this microscopic life on which all aquatic life ultimately depends for food. While most of these species of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria are harmless, there are a few dozen that create potent toxins given the right conditions. Harmful algal blooms may cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can affect co-occurring organisms and alter food-web dynamics. Impacts include human illness and mortality following consumption of or indirect exposure to HAB toxins, substantial economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries, and HAB-associated fish, bird and mammal mortalities. To the human eye, blooms can appear greenish, brown, and even reddish- orange depending upon the algal species, the aquatic ecosystem, and the concentration of the organisms.These outbreaks are commonly called red tides, but scientists prefer the term "harmful algal blooms" (or HABs). The term red tide erroneously includes many blooms that discolor the water but cause no harm, and also excludes blooms of highly toxic cells that cause problems at low (and essentially invisible) cell concentrations. Therefore, harmful algal bloom is a more appropriate descriptor.An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved, and some blooms may be recognized by discoloration of the water resulting from the high density of pigmented cells. Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the severity. Algal bloom concentrations may reach millions of cells per milliliter. Algal blooms are often green, but they can also be yellow-brown or red, depending on the species of algae.Bright green blooms are a result of blue-green algae, which are actually bacteria (cyanobacteria). Blooms may also consist of macroalgal, not phytoplankton, species. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up onto the shoreline. "Black water" is a dark discoloration of sea water, first described in the Florida Bay in January 2002.[1][2]Of particular note are harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are marine algal bloom events involving toxic phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates of genus Alexandrium and Karenia. Such blooms often take on a red or brown hue and are known colloquially as red tides.Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients, particularly phosphorus.[3] The excess of nutrients may originate from fertilizers that are applied to land for agricultural or recreational purposes, these nutrients can then enter watersheds through water runoff.[4] Excess carbon and nitrogen have also been suspected as causes, although a study suggested that this is not the case.[5]When phosphates are introduced into water systems, higher concentrations cause increased growth of algae and plants. Algae tend to grow very quickly under high nutrient availability, but each alga is short-lived, and the result is a high concentration of dead organic matter which starts to decay. The decay process consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, resulting in hypoxic conditions. Without sufficient dissolved oxygen in the water, animals and plants may die off in large numbers.Blooms may be observed in freshwater aquariums when fish are overfed and excess nutrients are not absorbed by plants. These are not generally harmful for fish, and the situation can be corrected by changing the water in the tank and then reducing the amount of food given.[edit] Water treatmentAlgal blooms sometimes occur in drinking water supplies. In such cases, toxins from the bloom can survive standard water purifying treatments. Researchers at Florida International University in Miami are experimenting with using 640-kilohertz ultrasound waves that create micropressure zones as hot as 3,700 °C. This breaks some water molecules into reactive fragments that can kill algae.[6][edit] MeasurementAlgal blooms are monitored using biomass measurements coupled with the examination of species present. A widely-used measure of algal and cyanobacterial biomass is the chlorophyll concentration. Peak values of chlorophyll a for an oligotrophic lake are about 1-10 µg/l, while in a eutrophic lake they can reach 300 µg/l. In cases of hypereutrophy, such as Hartbeespoort Dam in South Africa, maxima of chlorophyll a can be as high as 3,000 µg/l.[7] [8][edit] Tai Hu Algal BloomLake Tai in Eastern China has had an algal blooms which has attracted the attention of the ENGO sector. Greenpeace China investigated the algal bloom at Lake Tai and took water samples. Of 25 samples, 20 were too polluted to be used to water plants or in factories.[9][edit] Harmful Algal Blooms An algae bloom off the coast of La Jolla, San Diego, California. Satellite image of a large coccolithophore bloom in the Bering Sea in 1998.A harmful algal bloom (HAB) is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms via production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are often associated with large-scale marine mortality events and have been associated with various types of shellfish poisonings[10].[edit] BackgroundIn the marine environment, single-celled, microscopic, plant-like organisms naturally occur in the well-lit surface layer of any body of water. These organisms, referred to as phytoplankton or microalgae, form the base of the food web upon which nearly all other marine organisms depend. Of the 5000+ species of marine phytoplankton that exist worldwide, about 2% are known to be harmful or toxic[11]. Blooms of harmful algae can have large and varied impacts on marine ecosystems, depending on the species involved, the environment where they are found, and the mechanism by which they exert negative effects. Examples of common harmful effects of HABs include:the production of neurotoxins which cause mass mortalities in fish, seabirds and marine mammals human illness or death via consumption of seafood contaminated by toxic algae[12] mechanical damage to other organisms, such as disruption of epithelial gill tissues in fish, resulting in asphyxiation oxygen depletion of the water column (hypoxia or anoxia) from cellular respiration and bacterial degradation Due to their negative economic and health impacts, HABs are often carefully monitored [13] [14].HABs occur in many regions of the world. , and in the United States are recurring phenomena in multiple geographical regions. The Gulf of Maine frequently experiences blooms of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense, an organism that produces saxitoxin, the neurotoxin responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning. The well-known "Florida red tide" that occurs in the eastern Gulf of Mexico is a HAB caused by Karenia brevis, another dinoflagellate which produces brevetoxin, the neurotoxin responsible for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. California coastal waters also experience seasonal blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia, a diatom known to produce domoic acid, the neurotoxin responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning. Off the west coast of South Africa, HABs caused by Alexandrium catanella occur every spring. These blooms of organisms cause severe disruptions in fisheries of these waters as the toxins in the phytoplankton cause filter-feeding shellfish in affected waters to become poisonous for human consumption "Red Tide Fact Sheet - Red Tide (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning)". www.mass.gov. http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eohhs2modulechunk&L=4&L0=Home&L1=Provider&L2=Guidance+for+Businesses&L3=Food+Safety&sid=Eeohhs2&b=terminalcontent&f=dph_environmental_foodsafety_p_red_tide&csid=Eeohhs2. Retrieved 2009-08-23. .If the HAB event results in a high enough concentration of algae the water may become discoloured or murky, varying in colour from purple to almost pink, normally being red or green. Not all algal blooms are dense enough to cause water discolouration.[edit] "Red Tides""Red tide" is a term often used to describe HABs in marine coastal areas [15], as the dinoflagellate species involved in HABs are often red or brown, and tint the sea water to a reddish colour. The more correct and preferred term in use is harmful algal bloom, because:these blooms are not associated with tides not all algal blooms cause reddish discoloration of water not all algal blooms are harmful, even those involving red discolouration [16] [edit] Causes of HABsIt is unclear what causes HABs; their occurrence in some locations appears to be entirely natural,[17] while in others they appear to be a result of human activities[18] Furthermore, there are many different species of algae that can form HABs, each with different environmental requirements for optimal growth. The frequency and severity of HABs in some parts of the world have been linked to increased nutrient loading from human activities. In other areas, HABs are a predictable seasonal occurrence resulting from coastal upwelling, a natural result of the movement of certain ocean currents.[19] The growth of marine phytoplankton (both non-toxic and toxic) is generally limited by the availability of nitrates and phosphates, which can be abundant in coastal upwelling zones as well as in agricultural run-off. Coastal water pollution produced by humans and systematic increase in sea water temperature have also been suggested as possible contributing factors in HABs[citation needed]. Other factors such as iron-rich dust influx from large desert areas such as the Saharan desert are thought to play a role in causing HABs.[20] Some algal blooms on the Pacific coast have also been linked to natural occurrences of large-scale climatic oscillations such as El Niño events. While HABs in the Gulf of Mexico have been occurring since the time of early explorers such as Cabeza de Vaca,[21] it is unclear what initiates these blooms and how large a role anthropogenic and natural factors play in their development. It is also unclear whether the apparent increase in frequency and severity of HABs in various parts of the world is in fact a real increase or is due to increased observation effort and advances in species identification methods.[22][23][edit] Notable occurrencesNo deaths of humans have been attributed to Florida HABs, but people may experience respiratory irritation (coughing, sneezing, and tearing) when the phytoplankton Karenia brevis is present along a coast and winds blow its toxic aerosol onshore. Swimming is usually safe, but skin irritation and burning is possible in areas of high concentration.[24] In 1972 a red tide was caused in New England by a toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium (Gonyaulax) tamarense.[25] In 2005 the Canadian HAB was discovered to have come further south than it has in years prior by a ship called The Oceanus, closing shellfish beds in Maine and Massachusetts and alerting authorities as far south as Montauk (Long Island, NY) to check their beds.[26] Experts who discovered the reproductive cysts in the seabed warn of a possible spread to Long Island in the future, halting the area's fishing and shellfish industry and threatening the tourist trade, which constitutes a significant portion of the island's economy.

red tide red water bloom

Red Tide也就是Algal bloom...英文介绍：An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved, and some blooms may be recognized by discoloration of the water resulting from the high density of pigmented cells. Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the severity. Algal bloom concentrations may reach millions of cells per milliliter. Algal blooms are often green, but they can also be yellow-brown or red, depending on the species of algae.Bright green blooms are a result of blue-green algae, which are actually bacteria (cyanobacteria). Blooms may also consist of macroalgal, not phytoplankton, species. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up onto the shoreline. "Black water" is a dark discoloration of sea water, first described in the Florida Bay in January 2002.Of particular note are harmful algal blooms (HABs), which are marine algal bloom events involving toxic phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates of genus Alexandrium and Karenia. Such blooms often take on a red or brown hue and are known colloquially as red tides.中文介绍：水华（Water bloom）或明确的藻华（Algal bloom），学术名词为“水体富营养化”，是发生在淡水中，由水体中氮磷含量过高导致藻类突然性过度增殖的一种自然现象，同时也是一种二次污染。通常水的颜色呈现出绿色或蓝色。“水华”是淡水中的一种自然生态现象，涉及到的藻类有蓝藻（即蓝细菌）、绿藻、矽藻等。自然形成的水华现象会很快消失，并不会带来环境影响。而人为的往水体中排放氮素（主要是铵盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐）和磷素（主要是正磷酸盐和各种形态的磷酸盐），使得淡水富营养化，超出环境容量和自净能力，“水华”频繁出现，面积逐年扩散，持续时间逐年延长。中国的太湖、滇池、巢湖、洪泽湖都有水华现象。“水华”造成的最大危害是：饮用水源受到威胁，藻类毒素通过食物链影响人类健康。例如蓝藻的次生代谢产物能损害肝脏，有致癌可能性。环保署环境资讯标准委员会-国际常用环境词汇(中文化)定义如下:藻类与其他水生植物因污染所造成之快速过量的生长。这种现象发生於水中有过多的营养盐，在气温升高时情况更会加剧。虽然藻类生长很快，但因水中的营养盐被用尽，它们也很快的死亡。当死亡的藻类被分解时，会上升至水面而形成一层绿色的黏质物。这种藻华现象会因农业区土地中高浓度氮和磷渗入水体，而更加严重。