it职场英语pdf

科技的进步，让我们接触到了大量的信息（technology has brought a surplus of information to our fingertips）。 上网的时候，你肯定会浏览到各种各样的文章和视频，有关于拉伸缓解背疼的（stretches to relieve back pain），有教你制作饼干的，也有教你如何化妆的……然而令人疑问的是，为什么这些信息没有让你因此而变得更聪明？ 现在你真的知道如何制作饼干吗？你的化妆技术真的提高了吗？如果这些信息可以让人变得更加聪明的话，那每个人都是天才了。 No matter how many articles you’ve skimmed through, you are not getting smarter ——无论你浏览过多少篇文章也不会越来越聪明。 常规获取知识的方式并没有让我们充分利用大脑的潜力（conventional systems of knowledge acquisition fail to make use of the brain’s potential），因此我们才没有机会将所学的知识好好利用。 即便是在正式教育中，把所学的知识转化成聪明智慧运用在日常生活的情况也并不普遍。在学校里，我们之所以要快速掌握知识都是为了应对各种论文和考试。 比起从各种网站上获取信息片段（grasp tidbits of information from the vast amounts online），不如学着让大脑以有效的方法（learn in an authentic way）来学习。 传统的学习方法通常是先充当学徒，再立刻应用所学的技能。但如今我们每天浏览的信息太多，因此应用知识的方法已经改变了。 举个例子，在信息时代前，如果你想要学滑雪就得先找个可以指导你的人。有经验的滑雪者可以教会你如何使用装备，你可以学会再独自练习几遍（practicing on your own time）便可以熟悉起来。最终，你不再需要指导，因为你已经成为一名有实力有自信的滑雪者（a competent and confident skier）了。 现如今，当你决定自己要学滑雪时，你可以花上几个小时上网浏览每一篇关于滑雪的文章，还可以观看别人滑雪的视频，搜索最佳的滑雪装备（best gear），在社交网站上加入冬季滑雪的小组等等。 在你从网上深度挖掘出以上资源（dig into these resources）后，你会觉得自己简直成为了一名滑雪专家，但事实上你学会滑雪了吗？并没有。这就是如今虚拟学习滑雪和过去亲自上阵的区别。 Today, we have sacrificed the quality of the knowledge for quantity. 现如今我们已经摒弃了知识的质量，只关注知识的数量。 我们获取的知识和应用的知识之间多少有些不平衡，因为大脑虽然尽可能快地把现有记忆中的数据输送到长期记忆中（send data from your working memory to your long-term memory），但却不可能保留全部信息。 当我们获取到更多信息时便会感到无比兴奋，总怕错过任何信息对自主学习产生不利的影响（plagued by our own fear of missing out to the detriment of authentic learning），然而单纯地存储信息并不能取代依靠努力踏实地学习。试问，你所存储的信息最终用到了多少？ 完美地吸收信息，再百分百利用可能性不大（While it’d be perfect to absorb and apply 100% of the information, it’s not quite possible），不排除有一些富有成效的人（hyper-productive individuals）可以实现上述的情况，但我们中大部分人都做不到。 如果你想要长期保留住一些信息（hang onto information for the long-haul），就要有所选择地收集，否则毫无计划地从网上获取信息就像是一口气吃完一顿自助餐一样(eat the entire buffet in one sitting)，容易“消化不良”。 只有把大量的信息资源分成容易消化的几部分(break the overabundance of resources into easily digestible pieces)，这样才能有时间把这些信息转为已用。 If we can’t take in everything anyway, how can we really learn?——如果没办法领会所有知识，那我们真正可以学到什么？ Get your brain a filter — filter out information that won’t improve you——让大脑成为一个过滤器，过滤掉那些对你毫无帮助的信息 在网上浏览各种信息是一个被动接受知识的形式（a passive form of knowledge acquisition），我们所接收的信息远远超过我们所能处理的数量，因此必须过滤掉对我们毫无帮助的信息，只需问自己“要学习哪些必要的技能”，简简单单的一步便可以帮你过滤掉那些无关紧要的信息（pass over tangentially-related information）。 随着我们知识和技能的提高，过滤信息的标准也会有所改变（update the parameters of your filter）。 让我们再回到滑雪的例子上来，假设你根据自己脑中的“过滤器”决定要学习关于滑雪的哪方面知识时，你会问自己 “知道如何正确地踩滑雪板（put on the skis properly）吗”或“知道滑下坡(heading down a slope)的时候如何停止吗”这样的问题。 如果你还处于基础阶段，就无需花时间学习高级的滑雪技能(learning about advanced tricks)，待到掌握基础之后，你会更改自己的“过滤标准”，进一步地增长自己的技能。 Take information into the real world — do what you’ve read to confirm your learning——把信息带入到现实生活，根据你所读到的内容来做，验证自己所学的知识 知识只有在用的时候才会发挥作用。如果你正打算获取一种新技能，你会把自己了解到的信息带入现实生活中进行学习。直到你不用再靠努力思考和回忆来施展新技能时（land the trick without thinking or recall information without struggling），就说明你已经完全掌握了这项技能。 虽说如此，但把电脑屏幕里的信息带入到现实生活中并没有那么容易，很有可能在第一次尝试时有面临失败的可能。 还拿滑雪举个列子。学习滑雪必然有跌倒的时候，可能你没有成功地转身，或者是虽然成功，但你仍会把自己的表现和当天同时滑下坡的其它滑雪者相比。不要在跌倒的时候轻易放弃，也不要让大脑编造一个弄巧成拙的故事来妨碍学习（spin a self-defeating narrative keeps you from learning），因为犯错一直是学习过程中不可避免的一部分。 学习的过程中要不断地实践，收集反馈，再实践，再收集反馈。 除了运用自己所学的知识，你还有其它要做的事情，比如从别人那里收集反馈帮助自己进步，或是通过自我评估的方法为自己创建一个反馈循环的过程（initiate a feedback loop by performing a self-assessment）。 显然第一种方法更好一些。因为在自我评估的环节你很容易沾沾自喜，停止前进的脚步，然而别人的观点却可以帮助你确定下一步应该作出怎样的努力，这样才能不断地进步。 Stay alert to what to learn next — avoid wasting time on unnecessary information——对下一步要学什么保持警觉，避免把时间浪费在不必要的信息上 虽然一下子获取众多技能不太可能，但你可以挑选自己想学的东西来提高自己。找机会多实践自己所学的技能，这样你不仅会感觉到自己的进步，还能在面临不同挑战时充分利用自己所学到的知识（make use of what you already know when you take on a different challenge）。 最后再拿滑雪做个例子。假设你已经掌握了滑雪的基本知识，懂得如何顺利地转身和停止，那么下一步你要学什么呢？你所学到的滑雪知识又会怎样影响获取新技能和面临新挑战的道路（impact the way that you approach new techniques and challenges）呢？ To get smarter, it’s not about how much you’ve known but how much you’ve brought into play——想要变聪明不止取决于你了解多少，还取决于你启用了多少知识 知识需要累积（Knowledge is cumulative），真正的学习从来都不是一个容易的过程。如果你可以不断地努力，为自己的学习之路作出深思熟虑的选择（make deliberate choices），那说明你懂得管理知识为己所用，懂得为自己的人生争取有意义的收获。 ------------- 文章转自：乐知英语。 乐知从事成人英语在线培训已有10年，曾经获得过“腾讯网十年最具影响力外语品牌”“新浪教育最具口碑影响力外语教育机构”。 乐知的英语试听课：

1. Question: What work experience have you gained that will help you with this job? Context : This is a nice, friendly, warm up question which is there to put you at ease.  Remember, the interviewer will already have seen the answer to this question on your application form. The key is to be concise.  Say what you have done and why it will help.  For this example, we will use the example of applying for a job as a waiter or waitress. Model Answer : I have some strong work experience that will help me with this job if I am successful.  I worked for a year as a student in a local Pizza restaurant.  That helped me to get confidence in talking to the public, and also showed me that this is a job where I will need to work hard.  I then worked for a short while in a kitchen, helping the chef.  That showed me the other side of working in a restaurant, so I can understand the importance of giving the chef accurate information with orders.  I also worked for a while in a bank.  That shows that I am confident with handling money, which will help when I take payment for meals. 2. Question: What will be the most important part of your work? Context:  A tougher interview question.  Although your work experience is not mentioned, you need to refer to it, otherwise your answer will lack authority.  We will use the example of working in a retail store. Model Answer:  I think that dealing with customers will be the most important part of my work.  For my previous work experience in a shop, I needed to develop a good understanding of the products we sold so I could help customers. I also learned to be polite and keep smiling, even with some of the more challenging shoppers. Note: ‘more challenging’ is a euphemism.  Using a language tool such as this demonstrates a good grasp of English.  It is a polite way of saying rude.  To call customers ‘rude’ or ‘impolite’ at interview is too literal; using a phrase such as ‘more challenging’ will bring a smile to the interviewer’s face. 3. Question: How would your friends and colleagues describe you? Context:  A good, but common question. You need to show that you are competent, but modest. Let us use the example of applying for a college course. Model Answer:  (Little Pause!) I think that I did well on my previous course.  I got on well with other people, and really enjoyed working with them. At the same time, sometimes I had to put my work first, and make sure that I completed what I needed to do. So, I would say that they would describe me as disciplined, but friendly and supportive. 4. Question: What will you find most satisfying about this job? Context: This interview question gives you a chance to show your true self. Be positive and show what an enthusiast you are. Let us use the example of applying for a post as a receptionist. Model Answer:  Where should I begin.  There is so much I would enjoy about this job.  Meeting people, helping the public, getting to know my colleagues.  But I think best of all will be meeting a visitor who is confused, or worried, and helping them to know what they want.  I would really enjoy doing that.  When I worked at (your previous job) I loved helping my customers. 5. Question: What part of the job would you find hardest? Context:  A challenging question.  You need to answer it, without suggesting that you are not able to do the work.  Since English is not your first language, that is likely to be your biggest challenge whatever work you are trying to win.  Again, bring your work experience in to show Model Answer:   You can hear that English is not my first language.  But even when I was less good at speaking in my job as a ( relevant work ) I learned to cope.  My English is getting better all the time, but I am not afraid to ask if I do not understand something, and my studies are helping me to improve. 6. Question: What has your work experience taught you about yourself? Context:  A tough interview question to finish. You need to answer the question honestly, but in a way that shows your positive side. Try to find an example from your work experience. Here we will use the example of becoming an assistant in a school. Model Answer:  The last time I worked as a language assistant, I found the work really interesting but sometimes hard. I learned a lot from my work experience. On one occasion I found two boys fighting in the playground. I managed to calm them down by being calm myself. I asked them what had happened and helped them to resolve their fight themselves. I thought that in a situation like that I would get angry myself, and perhaps take sides, but I did not.  I think that this was a great lesson for me. Of course, many questions about work experience can be asked at interview.  However, those above are some of the most common.  Preparing your own answers will not only help should these questions arise but will really be of use to  give you confidence  in responding to other questions about your previous work. Tell me about yourself This isn’t a question, it’s a request for information. It’s still a common way to start an interview, though. Remember, the interviewer wants to hear about skills related to work, not your personal life. Don’t say, “I was born in Taipei,” “I like to play computer games,” or “I have two brothers.” Tell them about your career growth, what you’ve learned and specific skills that make you suitable for this job. What are your strengths? Go ahead, sell yourself! The key to this question is to give specific examples and back them up with evidence. Avoid simply offering a list, like: “I’m really organized, punctual and get along well with others.” Follow up anything you mention with, “For example …” and then explain how you demonstrated this quality in a previous job. Why are you interested in working for our company? Employers want to know why you want to work for them. So show them you understand what the company does and that you’re enthusiastic about the work. Don’t start with “Umm,” “I don’t know,” “It seemed like a good career move,” or “I haven’t been able to find anything else interesting.” Get online and research the company beforehand so you are able to give a specific reasons why you want to join that company. Keep in mind that the interviewer wants to know what you can bring to their company, not what the company can bring to you! Why did you leave your last job? Maybe your last job was terrible, but an interview is not the place to talk about it. Even if it’s true, never make negative or opinionated comments about your current or past employers or co-workers: “I didn’t agree with the company’s direction,” “I got no recognition for my work,” “My boss was totally unreasonable.” Statements like these make you sound unreasonable. Instead, focus on positive reasons for leaving like wanting to face new challenges or expand your knowledge. Do you have any questions for me? Interviewers usually finish an interview with this question. Ask specific questions that show you already know a lot about the company, but want to know more. Do not ask questions that you should already know the answers to, like, “What does your company do?” Or, “Could you tell me your name again?” Also, don’t ask salary or vacation-related questions: “When do you give raises?” “How much vacation time can I expect?” Save those questions for after you hear, “We’d like to offer you the job.” Remember, the key to any interview is to be well prepared. Do your research and make sure you understand both the company and the position before you go into the interview. Stay calm and remember that you have been invited there because the company is interested in you. Make sure you can answer the questions above and use them as a starting point to make sure you excel in your next English job interview. What is a CV? In the US: The word CV is used in the US, but it tends to be restricted to the world of academia and university CVs. In America, a CV is generally far longer than a resume (think 10 pages instead of one or two), and contains a list of all of an applicant’s achievements, publications, awards, responsibilities, etc. It is not commonly called for when applying for non-technical or academic roles. In the UK: Traditionally, a CV is an in-depth document that gives an overview of a person’s entire career, in chronological order, spanning several pages. It includes detail of your academic grades, where you went to school, and any other accomplishments, like awards and honours. It also typically includes a small personal statement, detailing your aims, hobbies and interests outside of your career. It is designed to give a complete picture of your ‘course of life’ and is supposed to be static – i.e., the same CV is used regardless of the job you apply for and you make changes only to your cover letter, not your CV. Today however, a CV in the UK tends to fall somewhere between a traditional CV and a resume. As a general rule, employers don’t want to have to read pages and pages about every single one of your achievements. So today’s UK CVs have been slimmed down, typically to around two pages, detailing only the things that you have achieved that you think are relevant to the specific job you are applying for. Everything is still listed in chronological order, and a little detail is still given about your education – although high school details tend to be omitted in favour of higher education only, i.e., forget your school grades, but do include details of your university or college course(s) and grades. Today’s British CVs are now tailored for each different job that you apply for. Which variant to use? A resume is preferred in the US and also Canada. Americans and Canadians would only use a CV when they were applying for a job abroad, or if they were looking for an academic or research-oriented position. A CV is preferred in the UK but also in countries that have more in common with the UK such as Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. Language differences Spelling Obviously, American English should be used for applying for US jobs, and British English for jobs in the UK. So remember the main spelling differences between the two – the biggest being ‘-ise’ and –‘ize’. In the US, ‘-ize’ is used, whereas in the UK ‘-ise’ is preferred but both are now perfectly acceptable. Interning There are several words that typically crop up on a CV or resume that differ between the US and the UK. In America the word ‘internship’ is used, whereas in the UK this is typically called a ‘work placement’ or ‘training period’. If you have been an ‘intern’ in the US, that means you have been a ‘trainee’ in the UK. Four things to think about on your first day at work: Confidence, confidence, confidence:  We cannot stress this first advice enough. A  good confidence  is vital when meeting new people. Each person has their own level of confidence and while it’s quite hard to maintain good confidence on your first day at work when you’re surely quite nervous, there are some things that you should try to have in mind when you meet your new colleagues. When you beam with good confidence, other people will feel comfortable around you. But how do other people notice your good confidence? Have in mind your body language and posture when trying to make a good first impression. A good body language is for example a steady handshake, relaxed facial impression, arms unfolded and keeping a good eye contact with the people you speak with. It’s okay to be nervous, but also try to be happy and relaxed, after all they chose you for the position, so do not worry too much! Dress appropriately : Every office place has its  own dress code.  So, the best thing you can do is to ask your manager before your first day what your office dress code is. Dress to impress on your first day or even on your first week at the office. You want to give the impression of professionalism on your first day, so remember to dress appropriately and professionally when meeting your new colleagues. Be on time : It’s your first day at work and one of the more important things is to be on time! Since it’s your first day, things can go wrong on the way to work. This is a new route that you haven’t taken before so you might not be aware of the possible delays and traffic jams that might occur on this new route. Be well prepared for possible delays in traffic or getting lost on your first walk to work. Arriving early and prepared is better then showing up stressed and sweaty for your first day at work. Smile : Don’t forget to smile! There is nothing like a contagious great smile. This is something that will help you when making a good first impression. A confident smile will be remembered and will make others feel happy around you. Phrases to use on your first day at work to make a good first impression: 1. Would you like a hand with that? Helping people put is always a good way to impress. Offer to help by saying “Would you like a hand with that” if it looks like a colleague is struggling with too much work. 2. Could I have your advice on this? People are always flattered when they are treated as experts. Don’t be afraid to ask for advice and make sure you let people know that you value their opinions? 3. I’ll get right on it If you can start working on a task immediately, let your colleagues know by saying “I’ll get right on it.” Make sure to only use this phrase if you do actually intend to do the task right away – nobody likes to be kept waiting. 4. It’s great to meet you / It’s a pleasure to meet you If you meet a new colleague working at a similar level in the company to you, say “It’s great to meet you!” the first time you meet him or her. If you meet someone more senior than you, use the more formal “It’s a pleasure to meet you!” 5. I’m looking forward to working together This is a particularly useful expression for emails and letters. When you start a project with a new colleague or a client, adding “I’m looking forward to working with you on this project” near the end of your email shows respect and that you are keen to get on well together. 6. That sounds like a plan A nice informal expression to use when one of your colleagues has a good idea about how to do something. If you want to sound even more enthusiastic, you could say “That sounds like a great plan!” 7. Let’s put our heads/minds together If you think it would be a good idea to work closely with a colleague to solve a problem, you can say “Let’s put our heads/minds together to solve this.” Sometimes, people also say “Two heads are better than one.” This means that it’s better to work together than alone. 8. Let’s get this done When you are ready to start working on something, you can use a casual expression like “Let’s do this!” or “Let’s get this done!” to encourage your team and colleagues to get started.