冷战思维英文

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The Korean peninsula fragile security situation will arrive outbreaks of critical point. Therefore, the relevant countries should weigh the pros and cons, avoid the escalating tensions development for armed conflict.On Monday, South Korea disregard north Korea launched antitank warning naval exercise drill scope includes two state-owned disputed western sea areas. A row with north Korea further intensified the two countries' hostility.Currently, the two countries hostility to the highest level in recent decades, the situation at any time could spiral out of control.Recent tensions with north Korea originated from the two countries on November 23 exchange of fire. Later, U.S. and south Korean in north Korea west sea a four-day military exercise.Han mei war games, December 3 after the us-japan alliance between the two countries largest naval exercise. For peninsula situation, the exercise is undoubtedly beauty japan-korea, inflaming anytime north Korea this bomb detonated.The relevant parties should be rational judgment situation, consider whether they want war results.To a certain extent, the Korean peninsula is the only thing on earth that still surrounds the cold war thinking the shadow of area, to today's world peace and development trendsThe relevant parties should understand, conflict is not solve current Pyongyang opposing the best method. They should be fully aware, northeast Asia tensions upgrade may lead to serious consequences.

STSE是科学(Science)，技术(Technology)，社会(Society)，环境(Environment)的英文缩写。STSE教育思想是对STS的延伸，因为由于在发展科技，生产的同时，保护人类赖以生存的环境已成为当今的社会可持续发展的重大课题，环境(Environment)教育是公民科学素养教育的重要组成方面。

Multimedia（多媒体，指计算机能综合处理声音、图像、影像、动画、文字等多种媒体）CD（Compact Disk，光盘，分为只读光盘和可刻录光盘）CDR（Compact Disk Recordable，可刻录光盘）VCD（Video CD，视频CD）Audio（音频）Video（视频）MPEG（Moving picture expert Group，运动图像专家组，一种压缩比率较大的活动图像和声音的压缩标准）BMP（Bitmap，位图，一种图像格式）Image（图像）Pixel（像素，图像的一个点）WAV（Wave，声波，一种声音格式）MIDI（Musical Instrument Digital Interface，乐器数字接口，声卡上有这种接口，用于与乐器相连）Modem（调制解调器，也称“猫”，用于把电话音频信号变成数字信号）Net（Network，网络）WAN（Wide area network，广域网，指地理上跨越较大范围的跨地区网）LAN（Local area network，局域网，地理上局限在小范围，属于一个单位组建的网）Internet（互联网、因特网、网际网）Server（服务器，网络的核心，信息的集中地）Client（客户，指使用计算机的用户）C/S（Client/Server，客户机/服务器）B/S（Browser/Server，浏览器/服务器，指客户通过浏览器访问服务器的信息）Workstation（工作站，连到服务器的单个计算机）WWW（World Wide Web，万维网，全球范围的节点）BBS（Bulletin Board System，电子布告栏系统）FTP（File Transfer Protocol，文件传送协议，用此协议用户通过Internet将一台计算机上的文件传送到另一台计算机上）HTTP（Hypertext Transfer Protocol，超文本传输协议 WWW服务程序所用的协议）HTML（Home Page Marker Language，主页标记语言，用于浏览器浏览显示）Hub（网络集线器，提供许多计算机连接的端口）Router（路由器，互联网的标准设备，具有判断网络地址、选择路径、实现网络互联的功能）Gateway（网关）TCP/IP（Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol，传输控制/互联网协议）NDS（Domain Name System，域名服务系统）e-mail（Electronic Mail，电子邮件）.com（Commerce，商业部门的域名）.edu（Education，教育部门的域名）.net（网络服务部门的域名）.org（Organization，非商业组织的域名）.gov（Government，政府部门的域名）@（电子邮件中用户名与域名的分隔符，读音为at）Optics（光的，Fiber optics 光纤）ISDN（Integrated Services Digital Network，综合服务数字网）DDN（Defense Data Service，数字数据服务）Bandwidth（带宽，网络线路的传输速度）Broad（Band 宽带，可同时在多个通道容纳数据，音像信号）Hacker（黑客，专门在互联网上到处从事解密、获取信息等非正规活动的不明身份的用户）计算机英语基础词汇：PC（Personal Computer，个人计算机）IBM（International Business Machine，美国国际商用机器公司简称，最早的个人计算机品牌）Intel（美国英特尔公司，以生产CPU芯片著称）Pentium（Intel公司，X86 CPU芯片，中文译名为“奔腾”）IT（Information Technology，信息产业）E-Commerce Eelectronic Business（电子商务）B2C（Business To Customer，商家对顾客, 电子商务的一种模式，还有B2C、C2C模式）Y2K（2k year，两千年问题，千年虫）IC（Integrate Circuit，集成电路）VLSI（Very Large Scale Integration，超大规模集成电路）DIY（Do It Yourself，自己装配计算机）Bit（比特，一个二进制位，通信常用的单位）Byte（字节，由八个二进制位组成，是计算机中表示存储空间的最基本容量单位）K（千，存储空间的容量单位, kilobyte，1K=1024字节）M（兆，megabyte，1M=1024K）G（吉，gigabyte，1G=1024M）T（太，1T=1024G）Binary（二进制，计算机中用的记数制，有0、1两个数字）ASCII（American Standard Code for Information Interchange，美国信息交换标准代码，成为了一个为世界计算机使用的通用标准）CAI（Computer-Assisted Instruction，计算机辅助教学）CAD（Computer-Aided Design，计算机辅助设计）CAM（Computer-Aided Manufacturing，计算机辅助制造）AI（Artificial Intelligence，人工智能）Program（程序，由控制计算机运行的指令组成）Driver（驱动程序或驱动器）Compatibility（兼容，指电脑的通用性）PnP（Plug and Play，即插既用，指计算机器件一装上就可以用）Hardware（硬件，构成计算机的器件）Software（软件，计算机上运行的程序）Courseware（课件，用于教学的软件）计算机术语之硬件篇相关词汇：CPU（Central Processing Unit，中央处理器，计算机的心脏）Memory（存储器，内存）ROM（Read only Memory，只读存储器，只能读不能写）RAM（Random Access Memory，随机存取存储器，内存属于这种存储器）Bus（总线，计算机中信息的?路??BR>ISA（Industry Standard Architecture，工业标准结构总线）VESA（Video Electronic Standard Association，视频电子标准协会的标准总线）PCI（Peripheral Component Interconnect，外部互联总线标准）USB（Universal Serial Bus，Intel，公司开发的通用串行总线架构）SCSI（Small Computer System Interface，小型计算机系统接口）AGP（Accelerate Graphics Processor，加速图形接口）Mouse（鼠标，俗称“鼠”）Keyboard（键盘）CRT（Cathode Ray Tube，阴极射线管，常指显示屏）LCD（Liquid Crystal Display，液晶显示屏）VGA（Video Graphics Array，视频图形阵列，一种显示卡）Resolution（分辨率）Printer（打印机）Scanner（扫描仪）Floppy Disk（软盘）Fixed Disk, Hard Disk（硬盘）CD（Compact Disk，光盘）Adapter（适配器（卡），俗称“卡”，如声卡、显示卡）UPS（Uninterruptible Power System，不间断电源）LPT（Line Printer，打印口，并行口）DPI（Dots Per Inch，每英寸点数，指打印机的分辨率）CPS（Characters Per Second，每秒字符数）PPM（Pages Per Minute，每分钟打印页数）计算机术语之软件篇相关词汇：OS（Operating System，计算机操作系统，计算机中必不可少的软件）DOS（Disk Operating System，磁盘操作系统）Windows NT（一种操作系统，NT New technology，新技术）Linux（一种可免费使用的UNIX操作系统，运行于一般的PC机上，由Linux开发而得此名）BASIC（Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code，初学者通用符号指令代码，一种计算机语言，适合于初学者，不要把BASIC当作Basic）Visual BASIC（可视化BASIC语言）Database（数据库）ESC（Escape，退出键）Tab（Table，制表键）Shift（上档键，用于输入双字符键上面部分的字符和在大（小）写字符状态输入小（大）写字符）Ctrl（Control，控制键）Alt（Alter，转换键）Insert,Delete（插入、删除）Home,End（编辑文书时用于回到文书开头、结尾的键）Page Up,Page Down（向前、后翻页键）Num lock（数字锁定键）Scroll lock（屏幕滚动锁定键）Enter（确认键、也有回车换行的作用）Click（点击鼠标）Cut（剪切，指将文本或图形剪切到内存）Copy（复制、拷贝）Paste（粘贴，将剪切、复制到内存的内容粘贴出来）Debug（程序排错，bug意为小虫子，比喻隐藏在程序中的小错误）Virus（计算机病毒，计算机中自我复制传播的程序）Backup（备份）计算机术语之通讯游戏篇相关词汇：通信cti：computer telephone integration，计算机电话综合技术dbs: direct broadcast satellite，直接卫星广播dwdm: dense wavelength division multiplex，波长密集型复用技术mmds: multichannel multipoint distribution service，多波段多点分发服务pcm: pulse code modulation，脉冲编码调制pstn(public switched telephone network，公用交换式电话网)tapi: telephony application programming interface，电话应用程序接口tsapi: telephony services application programming interface，电话服务应用程序接口wdm: wavelength division multiplex，波分多路复用游戏act(action，动作类游戏)arpg(action role play games，动作角色扮演游戏)avg(adventure genre，冒险类游戏)dan(dance，跳舞类游戏，包括跳舞机、吉它机、打鼓机等)dc(dreamcast，世嘉64位游戏机)etc(etc，其它类游戏，包括模拟飞行)ffj: force feedback joystick(力量反匮式操纵杆)fpp(first person game，第一人称游戏)ftg(fighting game，格斗类游戏)gb(game boy，任天堂4位手提游戏机)gbc(game boy color，任天堂手提16色游戏机)gg(game gear，世嘉彩色手提游戏机)fc(famicom，任天堂8位游戏机)fps(frames per second，帧/秒)fr(frames rate，游戏运行帧数)mac(macintosh，苹果电脑)n64(nintendo 64，任天堂64位游戏机)sfc(super famicom，超级任天堂16位游戏机)slg(simulation game，模拟类游戏)spg(sports games，运动类游戏)srpg(strategies role play games，战略角色扮演游戏)stg(shoot game，射击类游戏)ss(sega saturn，世嘉土星32位游戏机)pc(personal computer，个人计算机)ps(play station，索尼32位游戏机)ps(pocket station，索尼手提游戏机)rac(race，赛车类游戏)rts(real time strategies，实时战略)rpg(role play games，角色扮演游戏)tab(table chess，桌棋类游戏计算机术语之服务器篇相关词汇：c2c: card-to-card interleaving，卡到卡交错存取cc-numa(cache-coherent non uniform memory access，连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址)chrp(common hardware reference platform，共用硬件平台，ibm为powerpc制定的标准，可以兼容mac os, windows nt, solaris, os/2, linux和aix等多种操作系统)emp: emergency management port，紧急事件管理端口icmb: inter-chassis management bus, 内部管理总线mpp(massive parallel processing，巨量平行处理架构)mux: data path multiplexor，多重路径数据访问计算机术语之电脑显示器篇相关词汇：ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit（特殊应用积体电路）ASC（Auto-Sizing and Centering，自动调效屏幕尺寸和中心位置）ASC（Anti Static Coatings，防静电涂层）AGAS（Anti Glare Anti Static Coatings，防强光、防静电涂层）BLA: Bearn Landing Area（电子束落区）BMC（Black Matrix Screen，超黑矩阵屏幕）CRC: Cyclical Redundancy Check（循环冗余检查）CRT（Cathode Ray Tube，阴极射线管）DDC：Display Data Channel，显示数据通道DEC（Direct Etching Coatings，表面蚀刻涂层）DFL（Dynamic Focus Lens，动态聚焦）DFS（Digital Flex Scan，数字伸缩扫描）DIC: Digital Image Control（数字图像控制）Digital Multiscan II（数字式智能多频追踪）DLP（digital Light Processing，数字光处理）DOSD: Digital On Screen Display（同屏数字化显示）DPMS（Display Power Management Signalling，显示能源管理信号）Dot Pitch（点距）DQL（Dynamic Quadrapole Lens，动态四极镜）DSP（Digital Signal Processing，数字信号处理）EFEAL（Extended Field Elliptical Aperture Lens，可扩展扫描椭圆孔镜头）FRC: Frame Rate Control（帧比率控制）HVD（High Voltage Differential，高分差动）LCD（liquid crystal display，液晶显示屏）LCOS: Liquid Crystal On Silicon（硅上液晶）LED（light emitting diode，光学二级管）L-SAGIC（Low Power-Small Aperture G1 wiht Impregnated Cathode，低电压光圈阴极管）LVD（Low Voltage Differential，低分差动）LVDS: Low Voltage Differential Signal（低电压差动信号）MALS（Multi Astigmatism Lens System，多重散光聚焦系统）MDA（Monochrome Adapter，单色设备）MS: Magnetic Sensors（磁场感应器）Porous Tungsten（活性钨）RSDS: Reduced Swing Differential Signal（小幅度摆动差动信号）SC（Screen Coatings，屏幕涂层）Single Ended（单终结）Shadow Mask（阴罩式）TDT（Timeing Detection Table，数据测定表）TICRG: Tungsten Impregnated Cathode Ray Gun（钨传输阴级射线枪）TFT（thin film transistor，薄膜晶体管）UCC（Ultra Clear Coatings，超清晰涂层）VAGP: Variable Aperature Grille Pitch（可变间距光栅）VBI: Vertical Blanking Interval（垂直空白间隙）VDT（Video Display Terminals，视频显示终端）VRR: Vertical Refresh Rate（垂直扫描频率）

STSE是科学(Science)，技术(Technology)，社会(Society)，环境(Environment)的英文缩写。

STSE教育思想是对STS的延伸，因为由于在发展科技，生产的同时，保护人类赖以生存的环境已成为当今的社会可持续发展的重大课题，环境(Environment)教育是公民科学素养教育的重要组成方面。

科学技术的作用：

1、社会进步

科学技术所开拓的生产力创造了高度发达的物质文明，但对科学技术的使用不当，又引发了世界范围内极其严重的环境问题。

2、经济发展

中国的劳动生产率只有发达国家的1/40。科学技术一旦转化为生产力将极大地提高生产效率，从而推动经济快速发展，其作用大大超过了资金、劳动力对经济的变革作用。

3、军事上战斗力

当今世界，和平与发展是时代的主题。但“冷战”思维依然存在，霸权主义和强权政治仍是威胁世界和平与稳定的主要根源。科技强国已经成为现代国家的共同选择。

以上内容参考：百度百科-STSE

Cold WarThe Cold War began after World War Two. The main enemies were the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cold war got its name because both sides were afraid of fighting each other directly. In such a "hot war," nuclear weapons might destroy everything. So, instead, they fought each other indirectly. They played havoc with conflicts in different parts of the world. They also used words as weapons. They threatened and denounced each other. Or they tried to make each other look foolish. Over the years, leaders on both sides changed. Yet the Cold War continued. It was the major force in world politics for most of the second half of the twentieth century. Historians disagree about how long the Cold War lasted. A few believe it ended when the United States and the Soviet Union improved relations during the nineteen-sixties and early nineteen-seventies. Others believe it ended when the Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989, or when the Soviet Union collapsed in late 1991. The United States and the Soviet Union were the only two superpowers following the Second World War. The fact that, by the 1950s, each possessed nuclear weapons and the means of delivering such weapons on their enemies, added a dangerous aspect to the Cold War. The Cold War world was separated into three groups. The United States led the West. This group included countries with democratic political systems. The Soviet Union led the East. This group included countries with communist political systems. The non-aligned group included countries that did not want to be tied to either the West or the East. From the Western perspective, during the Second World War, the Soviet Union was an ally of the Western democracies, in their struggle against the Axis Powers of Germany, Japan and Italy. From the Soviet perspective, the Western democracies had provided material assitance to the Soviets during the Great Patriotic War, their struggle to expell the forces of Hitlerite Fascism which had invaded the Soviet Union. As the War neared its conclusion, the future of Eastern Europe became a point of contention between the Soviet Union and its Western allies. The Soviet Union had been invaded via Eastern Europe in both the First and Second World Wars. In both conflicts, some of the nations of Eastern Europe had participated in those invasions. Both Wars had devastated the Soviet Union. An estimated twenty-five million Russians were killed during the Second World War. The Soviet Union was determined to install "friendly" regimes throughout Eastern Europe following the War. The strategic goal was to protect its European borders from future invasions. Since the Soviet Union was a communist state, the Soviet government preferred to install communist regimes throughout Eastern Europe. The Red Army was liberating the nations of Eastern Europe and therefore, the Soviet Union was in a position to influence the type of governments that would emerge following the War. The Soviets believed that they had an agreement with the western democracies that made Eastern Europe a Soviet sphere of influence, i.e. the Soviet Union would have dominant influence in that region. In 1945 Joseph Stalin pronounced that any freely elected governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia and other Eastern European states would be anti-Soviet and he refused to allow this. In March 1946 Winston Churchill referred to an iron curtain descending across the continent. The cold war began because of this struggle for control of the politics of these nations. By 1948, pro-Soviet regimes were in power in Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. The Western democracies, led by the United States, were determined to stop the spread of communism and Soviet power. While not being able to stop the Soviets in Eastern Europe, the U.S. and Britain were determined to prevent communist regimes from achieving power in Western Europe. During the Second World War, communists parties throughout Western Europe, had gained popularity in their resistance to Nazi occupation. There was a real possibility the communist parties would be elected in both France and Italy. Harry Truman was the first American president to fight the Cold War. Probably the most important, certainly the most forgotten, and surely the most controversial, was the decision to concentrate on the European theater, rather than the Pacific. Avoiding a two front war has long been a fundamental strategic choice. Germany during the 20th Century was bedeviled by two front wars, and the Allies gave preference to the European theater [where the Soviet Union was engaged with Germany] over the Pacific theater [where the Soviets remained at peace with Japan]. Truman was in a sense re-affirming the geographical preferences of the struggle against the Axis in his priorities in the struggle against Communism. George Catlett Marshall was chief of staff of the United States Army from 1939 through 1945 and the principal American military architect of Allied victory. Marshall was special representative of the president to China, from 1945 until 1947. He concluded that no describable amount of American aid could save Chiang Kai Chek from the communists, and returned to Washington to propose a strategy that concentrated on Europe. Marshall retired from active service February 1947, and served as Secretary of State from 21 January 1947 until 21 January 1949. In March 1947, President Truman asked Congress for $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey. “It must be the policy of the United States,” he argued in what became known as the Truman Doctrine, “to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” The Truman Doctrine was a plan to give money and military aid to countries threatened by communism. The Truman Doctrine effectively stopped communists from taking control of Greece and Turkey. And in April 1948 the Marshall Plan was announced, to provide financial and economic assistance to the nations of Western Europe. This strengthened the economies and governments of countries in western Europe, and as the economies of Western Europe improved, the popularity of communist parties declined. The conflict came to center on the future of Germany, and the Soviet Union blockaded all surface transport into West Berlin in June 1948. In June 1948 the Soviets blocked all ways into the western part of Berlin, Germany. President Truman quickly ordered military planes to fly coal, food, and medicine to the city. The planes kept coming, sometimes landing every few minutes, for more than a year. The United States received help from Britain and France. Together, they provided almost 2.5 million tons of supplies on about 280,000 flights. Gradually there was a massive build up of an airlift of supplies into that city through until September 1949, although the blockade was officially lifted in May 1949. The United States also led the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. NATO was a joint military group. Its purpose was to defend against Soviet forces in Europe [or, as the saying went, "to keep Russia out, America in and Germany down"]. The first members of NATO were Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the United States. The Soviet Union and its east European allies formed their own joint military group -- the Warsaw Pact -- six years later. The passing in 1953 of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gave the new American president, Dwight Eisenhower, a chance to deal with new Soviet leaders. In July 1955 Eisenhower and Nikolai Bulganin met in Geneva, Switzerland. The leaders of Britain and France also attended. Eisenhower proposed that the Americans and Soviets agree to let their military bases be inspected by air by the other side. The Soviets later rejected the proposal. Yet the meeting in Geneva was not considered a failure. After all, the leaders of the world's most powerful nations had shaken hands. Cold War tensions increased, then eased, then increased again over the years. The changes came as both sides actively tried to influence political and economic developments around the world. For example, the Soviet Union provided military, economic, and technical aid to communist governments in Asia. The United States then helped eight Asian nations fight communism by establishing the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. In the middle 1950s, the United States began sending military advisers to help South Vietnam defend itself against communist North Vietnam. That aid would later expand into a long period of American involvement in Vietnam. The Cold War also affected the middle east. In the 1950s, both east and west offered aid to Egypt to build the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. The west canceled its offer, however, after Egypt bought weapons from the communist government of Czechoslovakia. Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser then seized control of the company that operated the Suez Canal. A few months later, Israel invaded Egypt. France and Britain joined the invasion. For once, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed on a major issue. Both supported a United Nations resolution demanding an immediate ceasefire. The Suez Crisis was a political victory for the Soviets. When the Soviet Union supported Egypt, it gained new friends in the arab world. In 1959 Cold War tensions eased a little. The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khruschchev, visited Dwight Eisenhower at his holiday home near Washington. The meeting was very friendly. But the next year, relations got worse again. An American military plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. Eisenhower admitted that such planes had been spying on the Soviets for four years. In a speech at the United Nations, Khruschchev got so angry that he took off his shoe and beat it on a table. John Kennedy followed Eisenhower as president in 1961. During his early days in office, Cuban exiles invaded Cuba. They wanted to oust the communist government of Fidel Castro. The exiles had been trained by America's Central Intelligence Agency. The United States failed to send military planes to protect them during the invasion. As a result, their mission failed. In Europe, tens of thousands of East Germans had fled to the west. East Germany's communist government decided to stop them. It built a wall separating the eastern and western parts of the city of Berlin. Guards shot at anyone who tried to flee by climbing over. During Kennedy's second year in office, American intelligence reports discovered Soviet missiles in Cuba. The Soviet Union denied they were there. American photographs proved they were. The Cuban Missile Crisis easily could have resulted in a nuclear war. But it ended after a week. Khruschchev agreed to remove the missiles if the United States agreed not to interfere in Cuba. Some progress was made in easing Cold War tensions when Kennedy was president. In 1963, the two sides reached a major arms control agreement. They agreed to ban tests of nuclear weapons above ground, under water, and in space. They also established a direct telephone line between the white house and the kremlin. Relations between east and west also improved when Richard Nixon was president. He and Leonid Brezhnev met several times. They reached several arms control agreements. One reduced the number of missiles used to shoot down enemy nuclear weapons. It also banned the testing and deployment of long-distance missiles for five years. A major change in the cold war took place in 1985. That is when Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev held four meetings with President Ronald Reagan. He withdrew Soviet forces from Afghanistan. And he signed an agreement with the United States to destroy all intermediate range nuclear force [INF] missiles and short-range [SRINF] missiles. By 1989 there was widespread unrest in Eastern Europe. Gorbachev did not intervene as these countries cut their ties with the Soviet Union. In less than a year, East and West Germany became one nation again. A few months after that, the Warsaw Pact was dissolved. November 9, 1989, will be remembered as one of the great moments of German history. On that day, the dreadful Berlin Wall, which for twenty-eight years had been the symbol of German division, cutting through the heart of the old capital city, was unexpectedly opened by GDR border police. In joyful disbelief, Germans from both sides climbed up on the Wall, which had been called "the ugliest edifice in the world." They embraced each other and sang and danced in the streets. Some began chiseling away chips of the Wall as if to have a personal hand in tearing it down, or at least to carry away a piece of German history. On December 22, the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin was opened for pedestrian traffic. Perhaps the most central conflict of the Cold War, probably the defining conflict, was the division of Germany. Thus, arguably, 09 November 1989 marked the end of the Cold War, as it marked the effective end of the division of Germany between east and west. The DoD Cold War Recognition Certificate was approved for service during the "Cold War era" from 02 September 1945 to 26 December 1991. By this account, after 45 years of protracted conflict and constant tension, the Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union. This is, upon reflection, a rather tendentious reading of history, since it takes the central conflict of the Cold War to have been the struggle between the two competing social systems, which could only end with one or the other being consigned to the ash heap of history. President Bush presented the Medal of Freedom award to former President Ronald Reagan at a ceremony in the East Room on January 13, 1993. President Bush said that Rreagan " ... helped make ours not only a safer but far better world in which to live. And you yourself said it best. In fact, you saw it coming. We recall your stirring words to the British Parliament. Here were the words: ``the march of freedom and democracy . . . will leave Marxist-Leninism on the ashheap of history.'' Few people believe more in liberty's inevitable triumph than Ronald Reagan. None, none was more a prophet in his time. Ronald Reagan rebuilt our military; not only that, he restored its morale."

在出去的路上on the way out英 [ɒn ðə weɪ aʊt]美 [ɑːn ðə weɪ aʊt]跟读网络过时；即将被淘汰；即将灭亡；即将过时来源于网络例句全部过时即将被淘汰即将过时1.There are encouraging signs that cold war attitudes are on the way out 有令人欣慰的迹象表明冷战思维即将成为历史。柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典2.On the way out a boy of about ten came up on roller skates 出去时一个十来岁的男孩踩着溜冰鞋滑了过来

The cold war between America and the Soviet Union, simply speaking, is the ideaological and polical confrontation between the Western Group led by America and the East European Bloc led by the Soviet Union. To prove their own ideaologies to be reasonable, the leaders of the two camps held hostility towards countries with different ideaology. The cold war had changed the world pattern, forming new world pattern with America and the Soviet Union as the dominant powers. Therefore, some countries were placed in such contracition as whether to emerge into western society or to hold to tradition. The Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Afghanistan Issue were examples of regional disputes between eastern and western countries. The cold war between America and the Soviet Union inspires that: don’t impose one’s own ideaology to other countries and the society doesn’t progress during confrontation but by communication. The military expansion and the strengthening of military alliance is the cancer that harms world peace. Only by bandoning cold war thoughts and settling international issues through rational methods and strengthening cooperation and communication will we bring everlasting peace and prosperity to mankind. After the cold war, it is becoming increasingly evident that interdependance, mutual cooperation and penetration into each other is the trend of world economy. 译文： 美苏冷战，简单来说就是以美国为首的西方集团和以苏联为首的东欧集团之间在政治和外交上的对抗。两大阵营的领导人为了证明自己国家的意识是合理的，就敌视不同意识形态的国家，美苏冷战使世界格局发生了转变，形成了美苏两极格局。使一些国家处在容入西方社会，还是坚持传统的矛盾中。朝鲜战争、越南战争和阿富汗争端是几个东西方国家发生区域冲突的例子。美苏冷战给我们的启示是：不要强求其他国家接受自己国家的意识形态，社会的发展不是在对立中进步，而是靠人与人的沟通。不断扩充军备，强化军事联盟，是危害世界和平的“毒瘤“，抛弃冷战思维，用理性的方式解决国际争端，加强合作和交流，才能为人类带来持久的和平和繁荣。冷战后，世界经济相互依存、相互合作、相互渗透的趋势日益明显。 study of Cold War history in the People’s Republic of China has developed significantly in the past twenty years. Researchers in China have published important works that make use of Chinese, Russian and Eastern European archival sources to study Chinese foreign policy under Mao Zedong. Two research centers have been established in China: Beijing Daxue Xiandai Shiliao Yanjiu Zhongxin (Modern History Research and Archives Center, Beijing University, Beijing) in the North, and Huadong Shifan Daxue Guoji Lengzhanshi Yanjiu Zhongxin (Center for Cold War International History Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai) in the South. The Shanghai center first started in January 2001 with the appointment of Chinese-American Cold War scholar Chen Jian to the prestigious position of “Zijiang scholar” (an endowed professorship). The center published Guoji lengzhanshi yanjiu tongxun (Newsletter of Cold War International History Studies), a non-periodic publication of original documents and introductory essays. This center has been greatly strengthened when the renowned scholars Shen Zhihua, Yang Kuisong and Li Danhui joined it in 2004. Guoji Lengzhanshi Yanjiu Zhongxin (Center for Cold War International History Studies) has thus become the only academic institution specializing in Cold War history studies in China. Shen Zhihua serves as current director. The center has created a website (www.coldwarchina.com) for dissimilating information and presenting research results of Chinese scholars and has also actively promoted data collection and information exchanges. Researchers affiliated with the center have already gathered copies of more than 20,000 declassified Russian documents and a large number of declassified diplomatic documents from the United States, Eastern Europe, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan. The center has been adding copies of many formerly secret Chinese documents to its collection and has been publishing an academic journal, Lengzhan guojishi yanjiu (Cold War International History Studies), the only regular scholarly publication in China specializing in Cold War studies. Of the center’s many research projects, the most important is titled “Studies on Major U. S. Foreign Policy Decisions during the Cold War,” which is funded by Philosophy and Social Sciences Foundation of the Ministry of Education. The aim of the project is to compile a multivolume series on U.S. foreign policies and its impact on the Cold War. Shen Zhihua serves as the chief specialist for the project and editor-in-chief of the series. This project was launched in early 2007, and is supposed to be completed within three years. The Center for Cold War International History Studies at East China Normal University is now regarded as one of the four leading university-based Cold War studies centers. The other three are the Harvard Cold War Studies Project at Harvard University, George Washington Cold War Group, and the Cold War Studies Center of the London School of Economics and Political Sciences. Cold War International history has acquired the status of a specialized field of study with accreditation at East China Normal University. A large number of students have been recruited for its master’s and doctoral programs in Cold War history since the fall of 2006. In July 2006, East China Normal University and Northeast Normal University jointly organized an international conference, “The Cold War International History Studies Conference and Doctoral Forum,” which attracted almost all active Chinese Cold War scholars, especially younger researchers--doctoral students and new PhDs. About 100 delegates from China, Japan and the United States attended the conference, with 41 formal paper presentations. The conference proved to be a great success, and the organizers promised to make of it a regular event.Cited from H-Diplo Research Note, Volume 1, Number 1, Feb 14, 2008.http://