安好即可
英语口语交际必备技巧
语言是人们交际的工具。当与人用英语进行交谈时,如何让谈话能够顺利进行下去呢?这里面口语交际技巧是不可少的。英语口语交际有哪些技巧你知道吗?你对英语口语交际技巧了解吗?下面是我为大家带来的关于英语口语交际技巧的知识,欢迎阅读。
1. Slow Down Your Speaking Speed
1.放慢你说话的速度
You might be an eloquent speaker when it comes to your mother tongue, but expecting the same standards from yourself when speaking in a foreign language may not be very realistic.
使用母语时,你可能是一位雄辩的演说家,但是如果用一门外语想要达到同样的效果似乎是不现实的。
Especially, if you’re at the early stages of learning. Learners are often told not to worry about the mistakes they’re making, however, it is easy to understand why you would like to make a good impression on your audience. To overcome this difficulty, you may try slowing down your speaking speed.
尤其当你还在初学阶段。学习者经常被告知不要担心犯错误,然而,你想给听众留下好印象这一点很容易让人理解。为了克服这个困难你可以尝试放慢语速。
Nobody will hold it against you if you speak more slowly and clearly.Great speakers do the same to get their message across. Selecting your words carefully may also be seen as a sign of respect towards your audience. It shows that you want to give them the best possible answer.
如果你说的慢一点,清楚一点,没有人会反对。伟大的演说家也用同样的方式传达他们想要表达的消息。字斟句酌可能被看作一种你尊重听众的标志。这说明你想尽可能给他们最好的答案。
2. Give Yourself Time to Think
2.给你自己时间去思考
You may be worried that the people you’re talking to are impatient and would like you to say what you want as quickly as possible.
你可能会担心你正在与之交谈的人不够耐心,想要你尽可能快地说完你想说的内容。
It may not be true – people often prefer a well-thought-out answer to a rushed one.
这可能不是真的 – 与一个草率的回答相比,人们更愿意你经过周详的思考后再做回答。
Another practical thing you can do is equipping yourself with fixed sentence patterns you can use when remaining silent doesn’t seem to be an option.
另一个你可以使用的实用方法就是在沉默不是一个好选择的时候,可以使用一些固定的句式来缓解尴尬。
Here’s an example:
你可以这样说:
Why is there so much violence on TV? That’s a good question. Let me think for a moment, I haven’t really thought about it before. Well, I suppose…
为什么电视上有如此多的暴力现象?这是一个很好的问题。让我来想一会儿,我之前没有认真地想过这个问题。我认为…
Here the speaker gains considerable amount of time to reflect just by repeating the question and adding a few sentences. If you do the same, you’ll sound more fluent and won’t feel the pressure of having to say something before you’re ready.
通过重复问题和加几个句子,演讲者就会得到足够的时间去考虑问题。如果你也这样做,就会听起来更加流利,并且在你准备好去演讲之前不会有压力。
3. Learn Sentences, Not Only Words
3.学习句子,而不仅仅是词汇
In a way, this will take the pressure off too. When you learn a new word, try to memorize a couple of sentences that contain it.
在某种程度上,这样也会减少压力。当你学了一个新词,去尝试记几个包含这个词的句子。
There might come a time when you can use one particular sentence with little, or no alteration at all. Unfortunately, many people learn words by heart, but have no idea how to use them in a sentence.
可能会有这种情况,你不假思索地用了一个特别的句子。不幸的是,许多人牢牢地记住了词汇,但是却不清楚在句子里应该怎样去使用它们。
4. Learn to Listen
4.学会去听
When speaking in a foreign language, you might be so focused on what you are saying , that you forget to listen to what others are saying.
说一门外语时,你可能会把注意力集中在内容上,却忘记去听别人正在说什么。
This is a big mistake as they might be using the exact words or grammar you’ll be needing later on. So pay attention to what’s being said around you, it’s your most important resource at the time of speaking to someone.
这是一个严重的错误,因为你在以后的日子里会用到他们曾经说过的某个确切的词汇或者语法。因此把注意力集中在你周围的人所说的内容上,当你以后跟别人交谈的时候,这将是你最重要的资源。
5. Practice Your Interrogatives
5.练习提问
We also need to keep in mind the fact that communication is a two-way process. Not only does it make you seem uninterested – even rude – if you don’t ask questions, you might also end up being the one who has to do all the talking. So, when you’ve run out of ideas about what to say next, remember: others might have something to add.
我们应该记住这个事实:交流是一个双向的过程。如果你不问问题,这不仅仅会使你显得冷漠 – 甚至粗鲁 ,你也可能不会再是那个主导话语权的人。因此当你不知道接下来该说点什么的时候,请记住:或许可以让其他人进行补充。
For example:
例如:
What are your views on that?
对此你有什么看法?
How about you? What do you think?
你呢?你怎么想?
Questions like this will keep the conversation going and will show your interest in other people’s opinion. They will also give you time to relax a little.
这样的问题会使对话继续下去并且能够表现出你对他人观点的兴趣。他们也会给你一点时间去放松一下。
6. Produce, Produce, Produce
6.产出,产出,产出
As I said at the beginning of this article, you might know a lot about the language, but this is passive knowledge that must be activated somehow. Your aim is to be able to produce correct English; practice is undeniably the best way to learn and improve.
像我在这篇文章开始说的一样,你可能学习了许多关于语言的知识,但是这只是一些需要被激活的被动性的知识。你的目标应该是说出正确的英语; 而练习无疑是学习和提高的最好的方式。
Writing is one way of producing language; it may help you get used to and reflect on the ways English is used, which might prove to be useful when speaking.
写作是一种产出语言的方式;它会帮助你熟悉并且思考使用英语的方式,当你交谈的`时候,写作也是起作用的。
Speaking, on the other hand, is a much more spontaneous process. Find people you can practice with. I have a feeling that it will be agreat experience.
在另一方面,说是一个更自发的过程。去找一个可以和你一起练习英语的人。我有预感这将是一个奇妙的经历。
I hope you will find these tips useful. Feel free to ask any questions if something is not clear.
我希望你会觉这些技巧有用。当你有问题的时候,不要拘束,去提问。
拓展:
如何提高中学生英语口语能力
1、尽可能多地给学生提供口语交流的机会
学好英语口语,语言环境很重要。目前的英语教学活动,学生接触英语口语的机会少,学生在言语交际中普遍存在语音语调不准确、表达没有逻辑性、甚至基本语法使用错误等问题。他们往往不注意对方的身份以及说话的场合,例如,对熟人、朋友使用过于礼貌的语言,或对陌生人及在正式场合使用过于随便的表达方式等不注意使用恰当的语体而导致交际上的不得体。开展英语对话课以及英语角可以有效地解决这个问题。对话课是训练听说技能并获得相关能力的示范性教学。一般来讲对话课生动活泼、热闹有趣味,而且陌生的词汇很少,是最活跃的课,而且在教学中教师可以采用一些直观的教具,比如用多媒体等技术设备来创造一些真实的交际情景,使学生亲临其境地进行口语交流,把书面上的对话变成学生自己的话表达出来。
2、激发学生学习英语口语的兴趣
“兴趣是最好的老师”,教师要尽力设计一些学生感兴趣的话题,让学生有话可说,教师可根据学生的年龄、实际1:3语水平、课时进度等开展一些适合学生心理特征的兴趣活动,比如英语口语竞赛、情景模拟对话、唱英文歌曲等,使学生思维敏捷,从而以最快最有效的方法去获得新知识,产生一定的成功感。只有激发学生对口语表达产生浓厚的兴趣,才能使教师的教学与训练有所起色。另外,教师可以精心设计,利用教学艺术,创造语言情境,充分利用学生的好胜心和求知欲,启发学生思维,激发学生的学习兴趣、培养学习的积极性,在大量口语练习中形成能力,这样学生就可以较轻松、自然地提高英语语言素质。如学习了英语方位词之后,老师可让学生“talk about your po—sition...”,把多样化的教学方法与丰富多彩的课外活动紧密结合起来,给学生创造大量表达的机会,对培养他们的口语表达兴趣是很有帮助的。
3、充分重视口语技能的训练
长期以来受应试教育的影响,中学英语课主要以传统的教学方法为主,更多地强调词汇、语法等概念化知识的学习而忽视了口语技能的训练,口语教学不仅没有得到足够的重视,而且口语教学仍然以传授语言知识为主,传统的教学方法严重制约着学生口语能力的提高。不可否认,词汇、语法等概念化知识固然很重要,词汇、语法等概念化知识学的扎实能够使学生在口头交际中灵活自如地运用恰当的词汇和正确语法表达自己的想法,但是,如果忽视了学生口语技能的训练则很容易造成学生语音语调不准,口语表达不到位,甚至在英语口头表达时用汉语思维模式来组织语言,更严重的是,好多学生在用口语表达时往往缺乏自信,因为担心犯基本的语法错误、害怕闹笑话而不敢开口,导致英语口语学习上的恶性循环。因此,教师要在新的课程标准要求下积极改进教学方法,提高学生的自信心和积极性,从而达到逐步提高他们的口语水平的目的。
飞花叶叶雪
英语写作语言表达技巧
导语:英语论文需要大量地遣词造句,这时候,掌握正确的语言表达逻辑非常重要,下面让我们了解一下英语写作语言表达技巧吧!
1.1 如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性
通常在叙述了前人成果之后,用However来引导不足,比如
However, little information...
little attention has been devoted to…
little work...
little data / little research
or few studies / investigations / few attempts have been don on…
or none of these studies
has (have) been less
done on ... / focused on / attempted to
conducted / investigated / studied
(with respect to)
OR To the author's knowledge... There is little information available in literature about...
Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about...
Previous research (studies, records) has (have)
failed to consider
ignored
misinterpreted
neglected to
overestimated, underestimated
misleaded
thus, these previous results are
inconclusive / misleading…
unsatisfactory / questionable /controversial..
Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...
一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果,即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重,英文叫做给别人的工作credits.
所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价,比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense, etc.
可以婉转地提出:
Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.
Their results could be better convinced if they ...
Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertainties.
1.2.之后引导出一种新方法,或者一种新方向。
如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样,可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用:
However, data is still scarce
rare
less accurate
there is still dearth of
We need to / aim to / have to
provide more documents / data / records / studies
increase the dataset
Further studies are still necessary... / essential...
为了强调自己研究的重要性,一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面,另一方面等等, 比如:
1)时间问题
如果你研究的问题时间上比较新,你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性,然后说(However),对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足
2)物性及研究手段问题
如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向,你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质,然后说对你所研究的方向和方法,研究甚少。
3)研究区域问题
首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究,然后强调这一区域研究不足
4)不确定性
虽然前人对这一问题研究很多,但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点,这种uncertanties, ambiguities,值得进一步澄清
5)提出自己的假设来验证
如果自己的研究完全是新的,没有前人的工作进行对比,在这种情况下,你可以自信地说,根据提出的过程,存在这种可能的结果,本文就是要证实这种结果。
We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...
It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).
1.3.如何提出自己的观点
We aim to…
This paper reports on…
provides results..
extends the method…
focus on..
The purpose of this paper is to..
Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...
1.4.圈定自己的研究范围
前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好,reviewer会提出严厉的建议,比如你没有考虑某种可能性,某种研究手段等等。为了减少这种争论,在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围:
1)时间尺度问题
如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序,你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。
We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...
或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term),你可以说两者都重要,但是本文只涉及其中一种
2) 研究区域的问题
和时间问题一样,明确提出你只关心这一地区
1.5.最后的原场
在前言的最后,还可以总结性地提出,这一研究对其它研究的帮助。
或者说,further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)
总之,其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments).
2. 怎样提出观点
在提出自己的观点时,采取什么样的策略很重要。不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。
1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的,通常要用
We confirm that...
2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用
We believe that...
3)在更通常的情况下,由数据推断出一定的结论,
用, Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...
4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用We put forward (discover, observe..) .. "for the first time".
来强调自己的创新。
5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定,可用
We tentatively put forward (interpret this to..)
Or The results may be due to (caused by)/ attributed to / resulted from..
Or It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this..
要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型1)和5),那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2),肯定会遭到置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。
3. 连接词与逻辑
写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决的方法有:
1)句子上下要有连贯,不能让句子之间独立
常见的连接词语有,
also, in addition, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further,
However, although, unlike, in contrast, Unfortunately,
Similarly, alternatively, parallel results, Compared with other results,
In order to, despite, For example
consequently, thus, therefore...
用好这些连接词,能够使观点表达得有层次,更加明确。
比如,如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献,
最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.
接下来,可用Then BB further demonstrated that..
再接下来,可用Afterwards, CC..
如果还有,可用More recent studies by DD..
如果叙述两种观点,要把它们截然分开
AA put forward that........ In contrast, BB believe
or Unlike AA, BB suggest…
or On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误,如果只是表明两种对立的观点,用in contrast), BB..
如果两种观点相近,可用
AA suggest ….. Similarly ( alternatively), BB..
Or Also, BB…
or BB also does …
表示因果或者前后关系,可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result,
表明递进关系,可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,
当写完一段英文,最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。
2) 段落的整体逻辑
经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下,一定要注意逻辑结构。
首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份
...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed.
The first question involves...
The second problem relates to …
The third aspect deals with...
上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。
Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third..... Finally,..
当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。
4. 正文部份的整体结构
小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。
一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。
一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外,一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份,一部份提出观点,另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点,比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子,而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。
5. 关于abbreviation
如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决
1) 在文章最好加上个Appendix,把所有Abbreviation列表
2) 在不同的页面上,不时地给出Abbreviation的含义,用来提醒读者。
总之,写文章的目的是要让读者读懂,读得清晰,并且采取各种措施方便于读者。
Discussion 部分 时态
(a) 指出结果在哪些图表中列出,常用一般现在时。如:Figure 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time.
(b) 叙述或总结研究结果的`内容为关于过去的事实,所以通常采用过去时。如:After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain.
(c) 对研究结果进行说明或由其得出一般性推论时,多用现在时。如:The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their greater accumulated flying time.
(d) 不同结果之间或实验数据与理论模型之间进行比较时,多采一般现在时(这种比较关系多为不受时间影响的逻辑上的事实)。如:These results agree well with the findings of Smith, et al.
6. 讨论部份包括什么内容?
6.1 主要内容
1) 主要数据特征的总结
2) 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比
3) 本文的不足
第三点,在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞,觉得别人看不出来,是非常不明智的。
所谓不足,包括以下内容:
a) 研究的问题有点片面
讨论时一定要说,
It should be noted that this study has examined only…
We concentrate (focus) on only...
We have to point out that we do not…
Some limitations of this study are...
b) 结论有些不足
The results do not imply…
The results can not be used to determine…
be taken as evidence of…
Unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data…
Our results are lack of ...
但是,在指出这些不足之后,随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足,为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮笔。
Notwithstanding its limitation, this study does suggest…
However, these problems could be solved if we consider…
Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate…
用中文来说,这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代,同时表明你已经在思考这些问题,但是由于文章长度,试验进度或者试验手段的制约,暂时不能回答这些问题。但是,这些通过你的一些建议,这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。
P.S.
坚信观点的真实性:prove, demonstrate
不确定性: show,indicate,found
表示推测: imply,suggest
6.2 关于结论中的时态:
(1) 回顾研究目的时,通常使用过去时。如:In this study, the effects of two different learning methods were investigated.
(2) 如果所概述结果的有效性只是针对本次特定的研究,需用过去时;如果具有普遍的意义,则用现在时。如: In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions. The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.
(3) 阐述由结果得出的推论时,通常使用现在时。如:The data reported here suggest (These findings support the hypothesis, Our data provide evidence) that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available.
Some points of style
(摘自一个老外的Writing a Paper, 第一点和最后一点是我们经常用错的)
Do not use nouns as adjectives (不要把名词当作形容词用)l
Not: ATP formation; reaction product
But: Formation of ATP; product of the reaction
The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit.l
(This 后面必须跟一个名词)
Not: This is a fast reaction; This leads us to conclude..,
But: This reaction is fast; This observation leads us to conclude…
Describe experimental results in the past tense. (试验结果用过去时)l
Not: Addition of water gives product.
But: Addition of water gave product.
Use the active voice whenever possible. (尽可能使用主动语态)l
Not: It was observed that the solution turned red.
But: The solution turned red.
OR We observed that the solution turned red.
Complete all comparisons. (使用完整的比较形式 A is higher than B)l
Not: The yield was higher using bromine.
But: The yield was higher using bromine than chlorine.