工程英文文献

国际工程承包是指一个国家的政府部门、公司、企业或项目所有人（一般称工程业主或发包人）委托国外的工程承包人负责按规定的 条件承担完成某项工程任务。国际工程承包是一种综合性的国际经济 合作方式，是国际技术贸易的一种方式，也是国际劳务合作的一种方 式。之所以将这种方式作为国际技术贸易的一种方式，是因为国际承 包工程项 目建设过程中，包含有大量的技术转让内容，特别是项目建 设的后期，承包人要培训业主的技术人员，提供所需的技术知识（专利技术、专有技术），以保证项目的正常运行。 一．工程承包合同的基本内容 招标成交的国际工程承包合同不是采取单一合同方式，而是采取另一种合同方式，这种合同是由一些有关文件组成的，通常称为合同文件（contract documents）。 合同文件包括：招标通知书、投标须知、合同条件、投标书、中标通知书和协议书等。按照国际上通用的"合同条件"，一般包括以下内容： 1．监理工程师和监理工程师代表权责条款 合同中应该规定，发包人须将其任命的监理工程师及时通知承包人，监理工程师是发包人的代理人，在监理工程师中选定监理工程师 代表负责监督工程施工和处理履约中出现的问题。 2．工程承包的转让和分包条款 合同一般规定，承包人未经发包人或其代理人同意，不得将全部合同、合同的任何部分、合同的任何利益和权益转让给第三者。经发包人或其代理人同意，承包人方可把部分工程分包给他人，但原承包人仍对全部工程负责。 3．承包人一般义务条款 根据合同规定，承包人应该负责工程项目的全部设计和施工，并无偿提供为施工所必备的劳务、材料、机器设备及管理知识。 4．特殊自然条件和人为障碍条款 工程承包合同，一般来说履行合同时间较长，在履行合同中，可能会由于特殊自然条件和人为原因给工程的施工带来困难，必须采取 一定的措施才能排除，例如，增加施工机械设备、劳动力、材料等， 这样就要增加承包费用或推迟工程进度。以上问题须经监理工程师或监理工程师的代表确认，发包人才能偿付额外增加的费用或同意工程 延期。 5．竣工和推迟竣工条款 合同中规定竣工时间和标准，工程完成后承包人经监理工程师或其代表验收无误后发给竣工证明，标志着工程项目已全部竣工。如果出现一些特殊情况，如工程变更、自然条件变化、人为障碍使工程延误，承包人经监理工程师同意，可以延长工程的竣工期限。 6．专利权和专有技术条款 承包人或分包人须向发包人提供专利和专有技术，并承担被第三方控告合同范围内专利权为非法、以及专利权被第三方侵犯时的责任； 承包人提供的专有技术，双方应订立保密条款。 7．维修条款 合同中的维修条款是说明维修期限和维修费用的负担问题。维修期限一般是从竣工证书签发之日起计算，一般土木工程维修期为十二 个月。在维修期内，承包人应按监理工程师的要求，对工程缺陷进行维修、返工或弥补等。如果工程的缺陷是由于承包人的疏忽造成，由承包人负担由此而引起的费用。如果由于其他原因造成，由发包人负担费用。 8．工程变更条款 合同签订后，发包人或监理工程师有权改变合同中规定的工程项 目，承包人应按变更后的工程项目要求进行施工。因工程变更增加或减少的费用，应在合同的总价中予以调整，工期也要相应改变。 9．支付条款 支付条款一般规定在合同条件的"特殊条件"之中，主要包括： （1）预付款：工程开工前，发包人应按合同规定支付给承包人一部分预付款，预付款金额一般是合同总价的5-15％以便承包人购置机械设备和采购材料等。 （2）临时结算：发包人每月向承包人支付一次，发包人每月支付的金额应扣除承包人的保留金，保留金通常是每月支付金额的5- 10％左右，但保留金的累计金额达到合同总价款的5％时，就不再扣留，承包人交付的保留金应在工程竣工和维修期满后全部退还给承包人。 （3）支付期限：一般规定，在监理工程师签发给结算单之日起 十五至三十天以内，发包人要向承包人付清费用。 （4）迟付加息：如果发包人不按规定付款，应按工程项目所在国中央银行放款利率加息。 后结算证书之日起三十天内，发包人付清全部价款。 10 ．违约惩罚条款 合同项下的双方当事人在履行合同过程中，可能会出现违约的行为，针对各方违约的情况，分别订立违约惩罚条款。 （1）对承包人违约的惩罚：承包人凡是未经发包人书面同意而 转让和分包承包工程；承包人凡是无正当理由不按时开工；承包人未按合同规定标准准备材料；承包人不听从监理工程师的正当警告；承包人忽视工程质量等，均属承包人的违约行为。对此，发包人有权终止合同，没收承包人的履约保证金或者采取其他必要的惩罚措施。 （2）对发包人违约的惩罚。 凡是以下情况即构成发包人违约：未向承包人按时支付费用；干扰、阻碍或拒绝向承包人签发付款证明；无正当理由中途决定停工，故意制造事端，挑剔和责难承包人等等。 对于发包人的违约行为承包人有权终止合同，发包人须赔偿承包人因准备开工或施工中所有费用的支出和机器设备折旧费用，运输费用等。 除上述合同条款外，还要订立仲裁条款，特殊风险条款等。 二．工程承包合同的招标方式 招标（Tender, Invitation to invite tender） 是一方（招标人）欲出售、购买商品，或欲建设工程项目按一定程序征求应征人， 不经磋商而进行交易的一种方法。应征人按招标人的要求提出具体方案并寄交招标人称为投标（to submit tender 或 submission of tender）国际竞争性招标的程序大致分为如下几个阶段： 1．招标前的准备工作。（1）项目招标委员会的组成。招标委员会应由国家主管部门组织，聘请工程、商务、外汇、法 律等各有关方面的专家组成，负责解决项目招标中所遇到的各种问题， 并具体指导招标工作。（2）招标公告。在进行招标前，应在国内外有影响的报刊上发布招标公告。它包括招标通知和招标广告两个部分。招标通知是指分别送给与项目有关的与所在国建立了外交和商务关系的各国有关部门的书面通知。招标广告是指在国内外有影响的报刊上所刊登的招标广告。 通知和广告的内容应包括：项目名称、项目地点、项目内容概况 、工程范围、索取招标文件的日期、地址及截止日期、招标条件、价 格以及有关事项的咨询单位等。（3）资格预审。资格预审是指对愿意承担招标项目的投标人进行的财务状况、技术能力、资信等方面的预先审查。目的是选择确有承包能力的投标人。（4）制定标底。招标委员会刊登招标广告后，即应准备合同价格，通过项目概算,确定合同的价格水平，亦称为"标底"，是招标委员会掌握的底牌，是绝对保密的。 2．公开招标。公开招标是指招标委员会通知取得投标资格的投标人或刊登广告知悉投标人索取或购买招标文件，邀请其前来投标的招标环节。 3．开标。开标是指招标委员会在规定的日期、时间和地点，将截止日期前 收到的全部投标文件，在所有投标人或其代表在场的情况下，当场拆封投标文件，并公开宣读各投标人的投标条件，以使全体投标人了解各家的标价，这种程序即为开标。 4．评标与决标。开标以后即转入评标阶段。招标委员会将投标文件的标价，及其它条件一一汇集列表，选取其中报价最低的四、五份投标文件，进行 审查、鉴别、比较，直至决定中标单位，这一阶段，是在秘密条件下进行的。决标是根据评标报告及其推荐意见为依据，由招标委员会决定中 标人，同时向中标人发出中标通知书的环节，对未中标的人一般可不通知，或只简单通知××承包人中标即可。 5．签订合同。中标人在接到正式的"中标通知书"后，即应在规定的时间内与工程业主签订工程承包合同。合同先由一方起草，并在该草稿基础上进行磋商，达成一致谅解后签订。 International engineering contracting refers to a country's government departments, companies, enterprises or project owner (usually the owner or contract, said one project) commissioned by the contractor in charge of foreign projects in accordance with the conditions provided for the completion of a project to assume the task. International project is a comprehensive international economic cooperation, international technology trade is a form of international labor service cooperation with a way. The reason why this approach as an international technology trade a way, because of international contracted projects Head construction, contains a large number of technology transfer, in particular towards the end of project construction, contractor owners to train technical staff to provide the necessary technical know-how (patents, proprietary technology) to ensure the normal operation of the project . 1. Engineering the basic elements of contract International engineering contract tendering contracts rather than the adoption of a single contract, but another contract, this contract is formed by a number of relevant documents, and often referred to as the contract documents (contract documents). Contract documents, including: tender notices, tender information, contract conditions, bids, notices and agreements such as the successful bidder. In accordance with internationally, "the terms of the contract" generally include the following: 1. Supervision engineers and representatives of the powers and responsibilities of the terms of supervision engineer The contract should provide that the contract of their appointment shall promptly notify the contractor supervision engineers, supervision engineers contracting agent of the person, in the supervision engineer in selected representatives of supervision engineer is responsible for overseeing construction and dealing with performance problems. 2. The transfer of project contracting and subcontracting provisions General provisions of the contract, the contractor without a contract or their agents may not be all of the contract, the contract any part of any contract transferred to the interests and rights of a third party. By the contract or their agents, contractors, part of the project to be subcontracted to others, but the original contractor is still responsible for all projects. 3. Obligations under the terms of the general contractor According to the contract, the contractor should be responsible for all project design and construction, and provided free of charge necessary for the construction labor, materials, machinery and equipment and management know-how. 4. The special natural conditions and terms of man-made obstacles Project contracts, in general a longer time to perform the contract, in the performance of the contract, may be due to the special natural conditions and man-made reasons for the difficulty of project, certain measures must be taken to rule out the possibility, for example, increase in construction machinery and equipment, labor, materials, etc., so that the contractor is necessary to increase the cost or delay the progress of the project. Subject to the supervision over the issue of engineers or engineers on behalf of the Commissioner confirmed that the contract be able to pay additional fees or agree to an extension project. 5. Completion of the terms and delays in the completion of Completion time stipulated in the contract and standards, the contractor after the completion of works by the supervision engineer or his representative issued after the completion of acceptance to prove correct, marked the completion of the project have been. If there are some special circumstances, such as engineering changes, changes in natural conditions, man-made obstacles delayed the project, the contractor agreed to by the supervision engineer, you can extend the deadline for completion. 6. Terms of patents and know-how Contractor or subcontractor to the contract to provide patent and proprietary technology, and assume by contract the scope of third-party patent rights against an illegal, as well as patent infringement by a third party liability; contractor to provide proprietary technology, Both sides should enter into the terms of confidentiality. 7. Maintenance provisions of Terms of the contract maintenance period is to repair and maintenance costs of the burden. Maintenance period is generally the completion certificate was issued from the date of the general civil engineering for the twelve-month maintenance period. In the maintenance period, the contractor should be the requirements of supervision engineer, the engineering maintenance defects, rework or make up for such. If the project is due to the defects caused by the negligence of the contractor by the contractor the burden of the resulting costs. If as a result of other causes, from contract to bear the cost. 8. Terms of engineering change After the signing of the contract, contract supervision engineer or the right to change the provisions of the contract projects, contractors should be to change the requirements after the project construction. Changes due to increase or decrease in the cost of the contract price should be adjusted accordingly to change the period. 9. Terms of payment Terms of payment in terms of the contract the general provisions of the "special conditions" are, including: (1) advances: the project started before the contract according to the terms of the contract as part of the advance paid to the contractor, the amount of the advance is generally 5-15% of the total contract price to the contractor to purchase machinery and equipment and procurement of materials. (2) The provisional outturn: monthly contract payments to the contractor once the contract the amount of monthly payment should be deducted from contractor's retention, the retention money is usually paid a monthly amount of 5 - 10%, but retention of the cumulative total contract price amounted to 5%, it would no longer be detained, the contractor should be referred to the retention and maintenance of construction works had been completed after the expiration of all returned to the contractor. (3) the payment period: a general rule, the supervising engineers statements issued to date within 15-30 days, contracts were paid to the contractor. (4) late payment interest rates: If the contract is not required to pay the project host country should be the central bank lending rate hike. After the settlement 30 days from the date of the certificate, the contract price were paid in full. 10. Breach of contract penalty clauses Under the contract by both parties in the course of performance of the contract, there may be a breach of conduct, in view of the parties to the case of breach of contract, breach of contract penalty clauses were made. (1) breach of contract on the contractor penalties: Any contractor who, without the written consent of contract and the transfer and sub-contracted projects; contractor any justification does not start on time; contractor did not prepare the contract standard materials; contractor does not listen to the legitimate warning supervision engineer; contractor to ignore the quality of the project are the contractor's default. In this regard, the contract is entitled to terminate the contract, forfeiture of the contractor's performance bond, or take other punitive measures necessary. (2) penalties for breach of contract award. All the following persons will constitute a breach of contract: the contractor is notFor reference

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。.古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间，国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展，新材料的出现，新工具的发明，都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代，二战结束之后，许多国家经济起飞，现代科学日益进步，从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。人们生活水平的不断提高，必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境，在这种情况下，建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大样的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能话技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃.English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge project.Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economyAncient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering practices.Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development.