英语句式

一、主语---动词----表语在这一句型中,动词是系动词,划线部分为表语.1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名词做表语)2.Gradualy he became silent.(形容词做表语)3.She remained standing for a hour.(现在分词做表语)4.The question remained unsolved.(过去分词做表语)5.The machine is out of order.(介词短语做表语)6.The television was on.(副词做表语)7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式做表语)8.My job is repairing cars.(动名词做表语)9.The question is what you want to do.(从句做表语,即：表语从句)注意：在下面的句子中,形容词做表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结构.I'm happy to meet you.They are willing to help.We are determined to follow his example.二、主语———动词在这一句型中,动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组.在有的句子中,不及物动词可以有状语修饰.1.The sun is rising.2.I'll try.3.Did you sleep well?(well做状语,修饰不及物动词sleep)4.The engine broke down.注意：在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身所具有的特性,不用被动语态.1.The book sells wel.2.The window won't shut.3.The pen writes smoothly.4.Cheese cuts easily.三、主语———动词———宾语在此句型中,动词为及物动词,划线部分为宾语.1.Do you know these people(them)?(名词或代词做宾语)2.I can't express myself in English.(反身代词做宾语)3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源宾语)4.We can't afford to pay such a price.(不定式做宾语)5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes?(动名词做宾语)6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(从句做宾语,即：宾语从句)注意：并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语,不同的动词有不同的用法,所以,在学习动词时,一定要掌握其用法.四、主语———动词———宾语———宾语在此句型中,动词可以称作双宾语动词,在英语中,这样的动词并不多,在学习遇时,要牢记.后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语,其中间接宾语在前,一般表人,直接宾语在后,一般表物.这类句型有三种情况.第一种情况,间接宾语可以改为to引导的短语.1.He handed me a letter.He handed a letter to me.2.She gave me her telephone number.She gave her telephone number to me.第二种情况,间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语.3.She sang us a folk song.She sang a folk for us.4.She cooked us a delicious meal.She cooked a delicious meal for us.第三种情况,直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当.5.Tell him I'm out.6.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives?五、主语———动词———宾语———宾语补足语在此句型中的动词,叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词,在英语中,这样的动词也不多.后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的,宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语.这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个句式,因为复合宾语的构成内容较多.下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语.1.He found his new job boring.(形容词做宾补)2.The called their daughter Mary.(名词做宾补)3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介词短语做宾补)4.We went to here house but found her out.(副词做宾补)5.What do you advise me to do?(不定式做宾补)6.We thought him to be an honest man.(tobe做宾补)7.He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式做宾补)8.He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的进行式做宾补)9.Did you notice him come in?(不带to的不定式做宾补)10.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(现在分词做宾补)11.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(过去分词做宾补)注意：在这个结构中,可以出现用it做形式上的宾语,把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面.在此结构中,宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句.1.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.分析：it是形式宾语,hisduty是宾语补足语,to mention this to her是真正的宾语.2.I think it best that you should stay with us.分析：it是形式宾语,best是宾语补足语,that you should stay with us是真正的宾语.注意：1.习惯用语的使用在英语中,有很多动词习惯用语,在学习的过程中,要注意它们的使用,不必分析单独每个词的使用.例：We are short of money.(be short of中short做表语)She is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble做make的宾语)He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions做词组carry out的宾语)We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for后面的the rain是宾语,to stop是宾语补足语)2.在英语中,大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词,而且还会有一些固定词组,因此一个动词可以用于几种句型.例：ask①Did you ask the price?(直接接名词做宾语)②She asked them their names.(接双宾语)③I asked James to buy some bread.(接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语)④I asked to speak to Fred.(接不定式做宾语)⑤Didn't you ask him in?(在此句中和副词in连用)⑥He has asked for an interview with the President.(组成固定词组ask for)3.There be句型是一种特殊的句子,真正的主语在后面,含义为“有…”①谓语动词和主语保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.②有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.③主语的后面有时有修饰语：There are a lot of difficulties facing us.There were many things to be done(此处也可以使用to do).④谓语动词be可以有时态的变化:There will be a concert in the park tonight.There was little change in him.⑤谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语.There used to be a cinema here.There seems to be something the matter with her.Is there going to be any activity tonight?⑥there be句式变疑问句,把be提前；变翻译疑问句也要借助there.Is there any hope of getting the job?There is nothing wrong with your watch,is there?⑦there be句型中也可以使用诸如：live,follow,come,stand,sit,exist等不及物动词：Once upon a time,there lived a fisherman on the island.There came a knock at the door.At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.⑧用于非谓语的情况下,有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being：You wouldn't want there to be another war.(不定式的复合结构)The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.(动名词的复合结构)There being nothing else to do,we went home.(独立主格结构)

英语的基本句型可以分为五种：主语（S）+谓语动词（V）、主语（S）+连系动词（V）+表语（P）、主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+宾语（O）、主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+宾语（O）+宾语补足语（OC）、主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+宾语+宾语。

例子:

主语（S）+谓语动词（V）。主语是动作的执行者（是发出动作的人或事物），谓语则指发出的动作。

He smiles.他笑了。  The sun is rising.太阳升起来了。They have arrived.他们已经到了。

主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+宾语（O）。宾语是动作的承受者，承受主语发出的动词的动作。

The boy hurt his leg.那男孩把自己的腿弄伤了。We are reading English.我们正在读英语。She plays basketball.她打篮球。

主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+间接宾语（IO）+直接宾语（DO）。间接宾语是指接受东西的人或事物，直接宾语是指被接受的东西。

She bought me a new computer.她给我买了一台新电脑。

He will bring us some newspapers.他将要给我们带来一些报纸。

They gave her many books.他们给了她很多书。

如果句子里把直接宾语放在间接宾语之前，那么间接宾语前则须加介词for或to。

She bought a new computer for me.她给我买了一台新电脑。

He will bring some newspapers to us. 他将要给我们带来一些报纸。

英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式在不同的时态、语态下，可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子，换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：S十V主谓结构; S十V十O主谓宾结构; S十V十F主系表结构; S十V十O1+ O2 主谓双宾结构;S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构.说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语五个基本句式详细解释如下：1 ．主谓型：S十V句式在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．)。例如：He runs quickly．他跑得快。They listened carefully．他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger．他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country．中国属于第三世界国家。The gas has given out．煤气用完了。My ink has run out．我的钢笔水用完了。2．主谓宾：S十V十O句式在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt．)，因此有宾语。例如：I saw a film yesterday． 我昨天看了一部电影。 Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?They found their home easily． 他们很容易找到他们的家。They built a house last year． 他们去年建了一所房子。They've put up a factory in the village． 他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children． 这些孩子他们照看得很好。You should look after your children well． 你应该好好照看你的孩子。3．主系表：S十V十P句式在此句式中，V是系动词(link v．)常见的系动词有：（1）：be-am/is/are/was/were (我用am你用are，is连着他、她、它);（2）：感官动词：sound，look， smell，taste，feel;（3）：变得---： get，turn ，become， grow等;（4）：其它：go(bad/unpunished); fall (ill/asleep); stand/sit (still)，remain(weak). seem，appear，等。例如：He is older than he looks． 他比看上去要老。He seems interested in the book． 他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting． 这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard． 书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice． 饼干尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nice．花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before．你长得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill． 他突然病倒了。He stood quite still． 他静静地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up．他长大后当了教师。He could never turn traitor to his country．他永远不会背叛他的祖国。注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：He looked me up and down．他上下打量我。They are tasting the fish．他们在品尝鱼。They grow rice in their home town．他们在家乡种水稻。He's got a chair to sit on．他有椅子坐。Please turn the sentence into English．请把这个句子译成英语。4．动词加双宾: S十V十O1十O2句式在此句式中，V是带有双宾语(间接宾语/直接宾语)的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：He gave me（间接宾语）a book（直接宾语）/a book to me．他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me． 他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me． 他把座位让给我。注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。 He got me a chair/a chair for me． 他给我弄了一把椅子。 Please do me a favor/a favor for me． 请帮我一下。He drew a picture for me. 他画张画给我He asked me a question/a question of me．他问我一个问题。注意，下边动词只有一种说法：They robbed the old man of his money． 他们抢了老人的钱。He's warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease． 医生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the rats． 我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。5. 宾语补语: S十V十O十C句式在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词，如: see; hear; hear; have; let; consider; ask; tell; advise等。 常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词；常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能一概而论，请看下面的例子。They made the girl angry．他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day．他们发现那天她很高兴。I found him out．我发现他出去了。I saw him in．我见他在家。They saw a footprint in the sand．他们发现沙地上有脚印。They named the boy Charlie．他们给这个男孩起名查理。I saw him come in and go out．我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast．他们感到汽车行驶得很快。I heard the glass broken just now．我刚才听到玻璃碎了。He found the door of study closed to him．他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。英语句子分为简单句、并列句和复合句单句结构要牢记，复句注意关、连词关连词分为关系词（关系代词或关系副词：Wh---/how---）和连词（并列连词（and/or/but）和其它连词because/although/as if/so/however/weather/if等。不管英语的复句多长、多复杂，去掉关、连词后，它还是简单句结构！