上海饮食文化英文

Eight Cuisines 八大菜系：Shandong Cuisine 鲁菜Sichuan Cuisine 川菜Guangdong Cuisine 粤菜Fujian Cuisine 闽菜Jiangsu Cuisine 苏菜Zhejiang Cuisine 浙菜Hunan Cuisine 湘菜Anhui Cuisine 徽菜

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (e.g. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

中国八大菜系：

1，鲁菜Shandong cuisine

雍鲁菜讲究原料质地优良，以盐提鲜，以汤壮鲜，调味讲求咸鲜纯正，突出本味。容华贵、中正大气、平和养生。

Yonglu cuisine pays attention to the quality of raw materials, to salt fresh, soup strong and fresh, seasoning salty fresh and pure, highlighting the original flavor. Junwaki, Zhong Zheng's atmosphere, peace and health.

2，川菜Sichuan cuisine

调味多变，菜式多样，口味清鲜醇浓并重，以善用麻辣调味。

The seasoning is varied, the dishes are diverse, and the taste is fresh and fresh.

3，粤菜Cantonese cuisine

选料精细，清而不淡，鲜而不俗，嫩而不生，油而不腻。擅长小炒，要求掌握火候和油温恰到好处。还兼容许多西菜做法，讲究菜的气势、档次。

The choice of materials is fine, clear and not light, fresh and not vulgar, tender and not raw, oily but not greasy. He is good at stir frying, and requires proper temperature and temperature. It is also compatible with many Western dishes, paying attention to the momentum and grade of dishes.

4，苏菜Chinese Cabbage

用料严谨，注重配色，讲究造型，四季有别。

Strict material, color matching and modeling. Four seasons are different.

5，闽菜Fujian Cuisine

尤以“香”、“味”见长，其清鲜、和醇、荤香、不腻的风格。三大特色，一长于红糟调味，二长于制汤，三长于使用糖醋。

Especially with "fragrant" and "flavor", they are fresh, sweet, fragrant, and not greasy. Three characteristics, one is longer than the seasoning of red grains, two is longer than the soup, three is longer than the sweet and sour.

6，徽菜Huizhou cuisine

擅长烧、炖、蒸，而爆、炒菜少，重油、重色，重火功。重火工是历来的，其独到之处集中体现在擅长烧、炖、熏、蒸类的功夫菜上，不同菜肴使用不同的控火技术，形成酥、嫩、香、鲜独特风味，其中最能体现徽式特色的是滑烧、清炖和生熏法。

It is good at burning, stewing, steaming, and blasting, cooking less, heavy oil, heavy color, heavy fire work. Heavy pyrotechnics has a long history. Its originality is mainly embodied in Kung Fu dishes which are good at cooking, stewing, smoking and steaming. Different dishes use different fire control techniques to form crisp, tender, fragrant and fresh flavors. The most distinctive emblem style is slippery, stewing and raw smoking.

7，湘菜Hunan cuisine

口味多变，品种繁多；色泽上油重色浓，讲求实惠；香辣、香鲜、软嫩。重视原料互相搭配，滋味互相渗透。湘菜调味尤重酸辣。相对而言，湘菜的煨功夫更胜一筹，几乎达到炉火纯青的地步。煨，在色泽变化上可分为红煨、白煨，在调味方面有清汤煨、浓汤煨和奶汤煨。小火慢炖，原汁原味。

The flavour is changeable, the variety is various, the color and luster is heavy, the color is thick, pays attention to the actual benefit; spicy, fragrant, fresh, soft tender. Attention should be paid to the matching of raw materials and flavor. The flavor of Hunan cuisine is extremely sour and spicy. Relatively speaking, the simmering skills of Hunan cuisine are better than those of almost all of them. In terms of color change, it can be divided into red simmer and white simmer. In terms of seasoning, there are clear soup simmer, thick soup simmer and milk soup simmer. Simmer with little fire, original flavor.

8，浙菜zhejiang cuisine

菜式小巧玲珑，清俊逸秀，菜品鲜美滑嫩，脆软清爽。运用香糟调味。烹调技法丰富，尤为在烹制海鲜河鲜有其独到之处。口味注重清鲜脆嫩，保持原料的本色和真味。菜品形态讲究，精巧细腻，清秀雅丽。

The dishes are small and exquisite, Qing Jun Yi Xiu, the dishes are delicious and tender, crisp, soft and refreshing. Seasoning with fragrant grains. Cooking techniques are abundant, especially in Cooking Seafood and fresh food. The flavour should be fresh and crisp, and keep the natural and true flavor of the ingredients. The dishes are exquisite, delicate, delicate and elegant.

菜系，又称“帮菜”，是指在选料、切配、烹饪等技艺方面，经长期演变而自成体系，具有鲜明的地方风味特色，并为社会所公认的中国饮食的菜肴流派。

中国饮食文化的菜系，是指在一定区域内，由于气候、地理、历史、物产及饮食风俗的不同，经过漫长历史演变而形成的一整套自成体系的烹饪技艺和风味，并被全国各地所承认的地方菜肴。

参考资料：中国八大菜系-百度百科

Eight Cuisines 八大菜系：

1. Shandong Cuisine 鲁菜

特色：选料精细、刀法细腻，注重实惠，花色多样，善用葱姜。

2. Anhui Cuisine 徽菜

特色：它以烹制山珍野味著称，擅长烧、炖、蒸，而少爆炒。其烹饪芡大、油重、色浓、朴素实惠。

3. Sichuan Cuisine 川菜

特色：它以麻辣、鱼香、家常、怪味、酸辣、椒麻、醋椒为主要特点。

4. Guangdong Cuisine 粤菜

特色：它以选料广泛，讲究鲜、嫩、爽、滑、浓为主要特点。它主要由广东菜、潮州菜和东江菜组成。

5. Fujian Cuisine 闽菜

特色：制作细巧、色调美观、调味清鲜

6. Jiangsu Cuisine 苏菜

特色：制作精细，因材施艺、四季有别，浓而不腻，味感清鲜，讲究造型。

7. Zhejiang Cuisine 浙菜

特色：讲究刀工、制作精细、变化较多、富有乡土气息。

8. Hunan Cuisine 湘菜

特色：以熏、蒸、干炒为主，口味重于酸、辣， 辣味菜和烟熏腊肉是湘菜的独特风味。

拓展资料：

1.八大菜系：

菜系，又称“帮菜”，是指在选料、切配、烹饪等技艺方面，经长期演变而自成体系，具有鲜明的地方风味特色，并为社会所公认的中国饮食的菜肴流派。

除八大菜系外还有一些在中国较有影响的细分菜系，潮州菜，东北菜，本帮菜，赣菜，鄂菜，京菜，津菜，冀菜，豫菜，客家菜等菜系。

2.四大小吃:

分别是南京夫子庙秦淮小吃、上海城隍庙小吃、苏州玄妙观小吃、湖南长沙火宫殿小吃

参考资料：

八大菜系-百度百科