*和氣生財***
国内的医学类学术期刊上有中英对照的论文摘要，整篇论文的好象没有见过．其实我也有类似需要，还请高人指点． 医学英语不同于普通英语，其特点就是专业术语多，从词源学来看，其显著特点就是拉丁语和希腊语占极高的比率，其词源差不多来源于希腊语和罗马语，其次是正式语的使用，如医学英语中用frequently而不用often，用purchase代替buy，用approximately而不用about等，在笔者教学中发现,医学英语遇到的首要困难就是记忆单词，仅病名就超过3万个，而且每年要添1 500个新医学术语，要准确记忆医学英语中的词汇就要掌握医学词汇构成，医学词汇构成包括：前缀（prefix）、后缀(suffix)、词干(wood root)和结合形(combination form )，这些词素大多不能独立存在，但它们可以相互依从，共同存在于词汇中，由词缀、词干或结合形构成一个复合词，例如：endocarditis(心内膜炎)是由词头endo（在内，内部）+词干cardi（心）+词尾itis（炎）三部分组成的复合词，每一部分代表一定的意义，医学英语单词构成主要有以下几种形式：前缀+词根，如Hypertension(高血压)〔hyper(过度、超过)+tension(张力)〕，hemiplegia(偏瘫)〔hemi(单侧)+plegia(瘫痪)〕；词根+后缀，如Cardiograph(心动描计议)〔cardio(心)+graph(描计议、图像)〕；前缀+词根+后缀，如Introgasrtic（入胃的）〔intro(入内、向内)+gastro(胃)+ic(……的)〕；结合形，如cytotoxin（细胞毒素）〔cyto(细胞)+toxin(毒素)〕。培养学生分析不仅可以巩固他们新学过的知识，而且还可以使记忆更简单，更方便。 另外，医学英语中存在着大量缩写，认知语言学认为语言产生于实践，越不熟悉的语言信息，语言符号越多，反之，越熟悉的语言信息，语言符号越少，语言越经济。如：首字母缩写法：如MCV(mean corpuscular volume)平均红细胞容积，HIV(human immunodeficiency virus)人类艾滋病病毒；缩写词：保留开头几个字母：polio(poliomyelitis)脊髓灰质炎，保留中间几个字母：flu(influenza)流感；缩略词：如Hb(hemoglobin)血红蛋白，Ht/Hct/Crit(hematocrit)红细胞比容。利用医学英语构词法特点进行记忆为学习者提供了一个有效学习记忆的科学方法和快速扩大医学词汇量的捷径。 另外记忆词汇相当有效的方法是联想记忆法，联想反映客观事物之间的联系，它在促进人的记忆、想象、思维等心理活动中占有重要地位，如：Cardiovascular System联想到与此系统有关的词汇：heart ，blood vessel，atrium，interventricular，capillary，aorta，valve等等。 3.2 阅读策略 阅读能力是医学生大学外语水平一个极其重要的组成部分，被公认为是学生获得知识的一种基本手段，要解决阅读方面问题，笔者认为有以下几个方面：母语的干扰，大多数医学生阅读时，先将英语译成汉语，然后经母语去理解所读的内容，这是学生经常犯的毛病，首先要充分认识这样做的危害性，另外要做大量的快速阅读训练，这样学生就逐渐地与英语建立起直接联系；慢读与快读相结合，学生要克服读读、停停、写写等不良阅读习惯，了解一门知识，应总体把握信息内容，这与我们学习基础英语有很大区别，注意提高阅读速度，集中精力很好把握文章内容。；阅读中使用工具书的问题，在阅读时尽量少使用工具书，给学生选较易或较短的文章开始入手，教师的主要任务是了解学生水平，选择合适的教材，辅助学习，介绍阅读方法，进行讲评和指导；采用多种形式，提高学生阅读兴趣，可以由医学英语专业学生牵头举办英语角，强制学生每周至少参加一次英语角活动，同时教师可以为参加活动同学准备有关话题，促使学生进行课外阅读，有兴趣的同学可以利用因特网查阅资料，扩展视野。 总之，对于医学专业学生来说，医学专业英语日趋重要，在全球经济一体化的今天，国力的竞争实质上是科技与人才的竞争，医学生除具备扎实的医学基本功外，提高医学生的外语多种能力，是医学高等教育的重要任务，正如刘润清教授所说“将来的英语学习不再是单纯的英语学习，将来的英语教学将越来越多的与某方面的专业知识或某一个学科结合起来〔3〕”。
南瓜冰妈
人食五谷杂粮，总会有生病的时候，这时医学就显得尤为重要。下面是我带来的关于医学方面的英语 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
关于医学方面的英语文章
Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is one of the most acclaimed novels of the twentieth century. It is a black comedy about life in the military during World War II. It features bombardier John Yossarian, who is trying to survive the military’s inexhaustible supply of bureaucracy and who is frantically trying to do anything to avoid killing and being killed. Heller was able to use his own experiences in the Air Force during World War II to create this character and the novel.
Even though Catch-22 eventually became known as a great novel, it was not originally considered one. When it was first published in 1961, the reviews were tepid and the sales were lackluster. It was not well received at this point at least in part because it presented such a cowardly protagonist at a time when World War II veterans were being lauded for their selfless courage.
Within a few years of the release of the book, as an unpopular war in Southeast Asia was heating up, Heller’s Catch-22 found a new audience eager to enjoy the exploits of Heller’s war-averse protagonist. It was within the framework of this era that Catch-22 was newly discovered, newly examined, and newly credited as one of the century’s best novels.
Let me talk a bit about the expression catch-22. Do you understand what a catch-22 is? This expression is so well known now that it has entered the American lexicon: well, a catch-22 is a situation that is unresolvable, one where there is no good choice, not best path to take.
In Heller’s novel, the catch-22 is a very specific catch in a very specific situation. The situation in which the protagonist found himself was that he wanted to get out of combat by declaring himself insane. So you see that in this situation, there was a very specific catch. In American culture now, though, this expression is used more generally. It refers to any situation where there’s a catch, where there’s no solution, where there’s no way out.
One more bit of information about the expression catch-22, about the number 22 in the expression. This number doesn’t have any real meaning; it just signifies one in a long line of catches. Heller really could have used any number; it didn’t have to be 22. When Heller was first writing the book, he used the number 14; the book was originally titled Catch-14. Then, in the production process, the number was changed to 18, so the title was Catch-18. But then there was a problem with the number 18 because there was another book with 18 in the title, so Heller’s title became Catch-22.
Hemophilia is a condition in which the blood either clots slowly or fails to clot at all. Most people who get a little cut on a finger can put a bandage on the cut, and the cut on the finger will heal because the blood will clot. A blood clot forms from the polymerization of protein fibers that circulate in the blood. A number of protein factors take part in the process, and it is necessary for all of the protein factors to function correctly for blood to clot. Hemophilia exists when any of the factors is either missing or not functioning.
The most common kinds of hemophilia are hemophilia A (or classic hemophilia) and hemophilia B (or Christmas hemophilia), which was named after the first person known to have contracted it. Hemophilia A occurs when clotting factor 8 is not functioning properly; 85% of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia type A. Hemophilia B occurs when factor 9 is not functioning properly; almost all of the rest of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia B.
Hemophilia is generally passed from mother to son, though sometimes it seems to develop spontaneously in some women. Women carry recessive gene but do not generally develop the disease. A mother who carries the defective gene may or may not pass it on to her children. If a mother passes the defective gene to a daughter, the daughter will carry the gene but will most likely not develop the disease. If a mother passes the defective gene to a son, then the son will most likely develop the disease.
Probably the most famous case of hemophilia is often called Royal hemophilia. In this case, Queen Victoria of England, who lived from 1819-1901, was a carrier of the mutating factor 8 that leads to hemophilia type A. Queen Victoria may have inherited the mutated gene from one of her parents, though there is no sign of the mutated gene in the families of Victoria’s parents up to that time that she was born. The mutated factor 8 may also have mutated spontaneously in Victoria, as seems to happen sometimes.
However Victoria came to be a carrier of the gene with the mutated factor, she unfortunately passed it on to some of her children. She had nine children, and three of them, her daughters Alice and Beatrice and her son Leopold, received the mutated gene from their mother. Victoria’s daughters then intermarried with other royal houses of Europe and carried the disease with them. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Beatrice, the disease was carried into the royal family of Spain. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Alice, the disease was introduced into the royal families of Austria and Russia, though the disease no longer exists in the Russian family because Victoria’s granddaughter Alexandra and her children were all killed during the Russian revolution.
