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英语毕业论文之英美文学研究论文（共54篇2008年5月30日更新） 1.海丝特与卡米拉爱情观的对比分析 A Comparative Analysis of the Attitudes Towards Love Between Hester and Camilla 2.解读《简.爱》的帝国主义意识 On the Imperialistic Consciousness of Jane Eyre 3.像鲁滨逊一样在逆境中创造精彩 The Creation of Splendor in Adversity like Robinson Crusoe 4.《三国演义》对诸葛亮和《教父》对考利昂的描述对比 A Comparison Between the Depiction of Zhuge Liang in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Corleone in The Godfather 5.论《美国悲剧》中萝贝塔的悲剧性 The Tragedy of Roberta in American Tragedy 6.从《鲁滨逊漂流记》看人的性格对命运的决定作用 The Decisive Effect of Character on Fate From Robinson Crusoe 7.《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素 The Tragedy Aspects in Hamlet 8.从电影《美丽人生》看完美男人形象 About the Perfect Man Viewed from the Movie Life Is Beautiful 9.从《宠儿》透视美国黑人女性的悲剧与成长 The Tragedy and Growth of the Black Women Embodied in Beloved 10.从《哈利波特》看儿童的成长 Harry Potter and the Growth of Children 11.苔丝的反叛精神 The Rebellion of Tess 12.一位坚强独立的女性简爱 A Tough and Independent Woman 13.《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析 Causes of Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervilles 15.浅析苔丝之死 The Death of Tess 16.《老人与海》象征主义探究 The Inquiry of the Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea 17.论《白象似的群山》中海明威独特的写作风格 Hemingway’s Unique Writing Style in Hills like White Elephants 18.浅析爱默生的《论自助》人生自主的源泉 On Emerson’s Self-reliance —The Source of Life’s Reliance 19.盖茨比美国梦的幻灭—透视现实生活中的爱情 The Disillusionment for Gatsby American Dream Analysis of Love in Reality 20.从《西风颂》看英国积极浪漫主义的特征 Analyzing the Features of British Positive Romanticism from the Poem of Ode to the West Wind 21.我看简爱的爱情 An Analysis of the Concept of Jane Eyre’s Love 22.谈如何理解海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》 On Hemingway’s Short Story A Clean, and Well-Lighted Place 23.从《简爱》看知识改变女性命运 Knowledge Changes Female’s Fate Through Jane Eyre 24.从《红字》和《荆棘鸟》看宗教禁欲主义下的爱情 The Love under Asceticism in The ScarletLetter and The Thorn Birds 25.解读《皆大欢喜》中的浪漫主义 An Analysis of Romanticism in As You Like it 26.基于作品人物浅析菲茨杰拉德 Elementary Analysis on Fitzgerald Based on the Characters of The Great Gatsby 27.《老人与海》的悲剧色彩:对完美主义的质疑 The Tragic Color of The Old Man and the Sea:Challenge to the Perfectionism 28.分析简爱的美 An Analysis of the Beauty in JaneEyre 29.论《红字》中的孤独因素 On the Aspects of Loneliness in The Scarlet Letter 30.从《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧看20世纪初女性的社会地位 Social Status of Women in the Early 20th Century Reflected from Caddys Tragedy in The Sound and the Fury 31.论福斯塔夫的性格 The Character of Falstaff 32.斯佳丽：旧时代的新女性 Scarlett：A “New”Woman in the “Old” Time 33.美国社会的葛朗台现象 Grandet Phenomenon in America 34.透过《飘》看现代女性对待生活的态度 Analysis of modern females attitudes toward life through Gone with the Wind 35.从迷茫的玛尔特的悲剧看女性存在的社会价值 An Analysis of the Social Value of Womens Existence from the Tragedy of Confused Mathlide 36.从伊丽莎白一世的婚姻看现代爱情观 About the Notion of Modern Love from ElizabethⅠs Love Experience 37.《倾城之恋》与《飘》的女性主义解读 Feminism in Love in a Fallen City and Gone With the Wind 38.《简?爱》的浪漫主义解读 Romanticism in Jane Eyre 39.从《鲁宾逊漂流记》看创新精神和知足长乐 The Spirit of Innovation and Satisfaction－The Thought of The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 40.从《变形记》透视家庭环境对塑造儿童健康心理的影响 The Family Influence on Molding Childrens Healthy Psychology Through The Metamorphosis 41.论《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观 Analysis on Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice 42.从劳伦斯及其作品《儿子与情人》看恋母情结 Mother Fixation in D.H.Lawrence and His Work Sons and Lovers 43.论雪莱的自由之路 Analysis of Shelley's Freedom Road 44.《威尼斯商人》中的人物形象分析 An Analysis of the Characters in the Merchant of Venice 45.论盖茨比悲剧的必然性 On Inevitability of Gatsby’s Tragedy 46.从《喜福会》透视中美文化冲突与融合 The Cultural Conflicts and Blending Embodied in the Joy Luck Club 47.《乱世佳人》对21世纪女性的启示 Enlightenment for Women of 21st Century from Gone with the Wind 48.《喜福会》中母爱主题的文化阐释 A Cultural Interpretation of Maternal Love in the Joy Luck Club 49.试析《老人与海》的悲喜色彩 An Analysis of the Combination of Tragic and Delightful Facets in The Old Man and the Sea 50.解析《长腿叔叔》少女茱蒂 成长的日志 A Girl’s Growing- up Story in Daddy-Long-Legs 51.莎士比亚的悲剧世界的分析 An Analysis of Shakespeare’s Tragedy World 52.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中殖民文化对殖民地文化影响解读 53.On the Women’s Status Seen in Pride and Prejudice 54.Mother Fixation in D.H.Lawrence and His Work Sons and Lovers

Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives’ trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives’ value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives’ trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option’s holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as underlying asset the short-term interest rate of a currency deposit in a foreign bank is called interest rate future.On the other hand, forwards are similar agreements to futures in the sense that they both represent obligation of the contracted parts to proceed to a transaction of an agreed price at a specified date. However, forwards are not standardised contracts that can be traded in exchanges, but are tailored-to-need agreements for the specific clients and are usually available over-the-counter (for instance between a bank and the purchaser). Foreign exchange is the one of the most important underlying assets that forwards are used for, providing special trading markets for currencies. Fluctuating interest rates of different currencies create uncertainty for the future repayment of loans obtained with flexible rates. For this reason, forward rate agreements (FRAs) can be made between banks and companies, which assure that they will receive a premium from the banks if the floating rates associated with the re-payment of their loans exceeds a pre-specified amount. FRAs are also tradable, and usually are contracted for short time periods, varying from 3, 6 or 12 months.The exact way in which loans are re-paid as related to floating interest rates created the need for swaps. Swaps are private contracts between companies to exchange interest payment obligations to banks. Under a swap arrangement, companies might be able to mutually devise loan repayments that are cheaper for both parts. Swaps, unlike FRAs, are commonly negotiated for longer periods and can be contracted and traded in similar ways to options.From the above description of the most common derivatives, it is clear that companies have a powerful toolbox of financial instruments that can be implemented to improve their financial position. The most predominant objective of their use is the mitigation of uncertainty, with regards to future values of assets or commodities. This practice is known as hedging of risk. Hedging can be done with options. If for example a pharmaceutical company announces that in 6 months they might have a cure for cancer, the share price will go sky-high, however the financial managers might be concerned of a failure to meet this announcement. They can protect the financial position of the company by buying put options that can be exercised in case the company fails to discover the cure for cancer (and so its share will bottom down).Such options that are issued by the company itself are called warrants. Hedging with options or warrants can be used against numerous potential declines in the share price or the whole market. Thus hedging helps to protect companies against financial instability. Options can also be used in incentive payment schemes from companies to employees, who can be offered call options that can be exercised in the future when the corporate share will be higher. This offer provides a motivation to workers to push the share up by improving their working performance. Thus companies achieve with this indirect payment method increased productivity gains.Another potential beneficial use of options is tax planning. Big multinational corporations can make use the of differences in tax legislation in the different countries they operate, and manage to reduce the whole payable tax or their cost of capital by trading options in different jurisdictions. Tax practitioners can design option trading in such ways that they achieve tax deductions without significant changes in the financial position of the corporation. Hedging can also take place with futures on underlying commodities. Many major producers are uncertain of the future price of commodities essential to their business and so they use futures to ensure their production costs against price rises. Thus, they are willing to pay a premium that will ensure them against price volatilities. Under the same rationale, large investors that hold big and diversified portfolios, which are sensitive to the overall movements of share indexes, might want to hedge with share index futures. In that way they can reduce their losses if the indexes plunge.All derivatives that are contingent to interest rate payments can also be used to hedge risks that occur from floating rates. FRAs are specifically useful in this case since they assure their holders against interest rate falls. Slightly alternative interest rate hedging techniques are used in Caps and Floors. These hedging techniques are particularly useful to firms that need to eliminate or reduce their exposure to interest rate short-term fluctuations and thus they are willing to pay a risk premium.Risks that are associated with exchange rate volatility can also be hedged by using derivatives. Intra country economic transactions are priced according to the relative exchange rates of the currencies involved. For instance, an exported commodity that is priced one British pound in the UK does not have a steady value in Euros throughout time. This means that the same transaction can have different value, according to the level of the currency exchange rate. Multinational corporations and firms that are directly implicated to foreign trade (imports/exports) are exceptionally sensitive to volatile exchange rates and thus they are looking to employ derivatives that can help reduce this uncertainty. Futures can be used to ensure a currency transaction in the future, regardless of the exchange rate in that future time. Or when firms require greater flexibility they can use currency forwards that are not as standardised as futures and can also be individually tailored. Alternatively, firms can use currency options that not only allow them to hedge foreign exchange risk but also to make additional profits if the exchange rate is favourable. In conclusion, derivative securities have increased the capability of financial managers to improve the financial position of their firms and mitigate uncertainty regarding the future of the business and the financial markets. The importance of derivatives can nowadays be observed by the exploding evolution of derivative exchange markets in developed economies all over the world. Derivatives, that represent a contractual agreement towards either the right or the obligation of the contractors to proceed to a pre-specified transaction in the future, can take different forms and variations, according to the specific needs of the business. However, their most common function is to reduce the risk involved in future economic transactions, so that firms or institutions can be more secured against economic uncertainty that has noticeably has imposed immense costs on entrepreneurial activities in the past. This altering of the risk profile of corporate activity, also known as hedging, can sometimes also contribute to the simultaneous achievement of great profits, allocating even more importance to derivative instruments. Furthermore, derivatives can prove beneficial to companies when used in incentive payment schemes, tax planning or loan repayments. Following the increasing use of derivative instruments the last thirty years, it is certain that their corporate use will be even more augmented through the design and implementation of new types.ReferencesArnold, G. (2005), Handbook of corporate finance, Financial Times Prentice HallEales, B., A., (1995), Financial Risk Management, McGraw Hill: MaidenheadHull, J., C., (2000), Options futures and other derivatives, (5th edit.), Prentice Hall InternationalTaylor, F., (2000), Mastering derivatives markets, (2nd edit.), Financial Times Prentice HallWinston, D., (1995), Financial Derivatives, Chapman and Hall: London发不下了，邮箱上传中。。。

小编给大家带来一个月怎么考过BEC商务英语高级的办法？供大家参考，希望对大家有所帮助。报考级别：高级考试成绩：C我复习的时间很短，因为那时候专业有很多presentation,repot,essay，没什么时间。但是我周末都不回家，节约了路上奔波的时间。大概一个月。反正平时实习都回家的。真题我除了口语就买了真题做。考前一周才把最后3套作了。我觉得真题很重要的。不做就不要去考了吧。我第一次做的时候连题目意思都不知道。试想怎么去考试。难道还要审题?8套安排在一个月内做完是足够时间的。口语我是国际商务专业的。专业课程都是英文教材，所以一些topic基本我都有所了解，就没怎么练口语。如果说推荐的话我建议大家买那本蓝色封面的口语书，我考前几天买了本，考试时候就带着，准备口试时候就自己一直在看那些topic。他可以让你至少有话说。建议大家提前点熟悉下商务领域的话题内容。听力考前我基本每天都听BBC。不作翻译，只是听写，熟悉下英英，因为我自己一直是美音。我觉得还是有些帮助的吧。阅读这个是我考试最烂的应该，第二篇没做。因为我睡了大概15-20分钟，前一天因为看写作没睡好。我建议大家在做模拟题的时候一定要把握时间。真题我都不看时间的，所以正确率还可以。一到考试就来不及了,虽然多半也是因为我睡觉。反正大家记得控制好时间。阅读做的顺序是654312，倒着做。把最难的放到最后去思考，以免影响自己思路心情。写作这个部分我没有练笔过。考试之前我就看了真题后面例题里>3分的文章。大家可以把4，5分的模板都记住，考试就用这个。我不建议大家只看一个，比如你只看report。因为考试时候如果这个topic你不熟悉，那你怎么办?最后祝大家都取得好成绩噢!