艺术生平英文

贝多芬生平简介 贝多芬LUDWIG VON BEETHOVERR (1770-1827)是十八世纪后年叶以来世界最著名的德国音乐家。1770年生于德国 莱茵河畔的波恩城。他的祖父原是荷兰籍，移居德国后，曾任当地宫廷乐长。父亲是个男高 音歌手，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。父亲从小就逼迫他学琴。他13岁任宫廷乐队大键琴手， 14岁任宫廷管风琴师,18岁任歌剧乐队中提琴手。1792年，海顿见到他，获准成为起学生。 1795年首次在维也纳以作曲家及钢琴家身份登台。1798-1800年除教授钢琴外，埋头作曲。 1800年4月举行作品音乐会，确立了作曲家的地位.此时，听力逐渐衰退，因耳聋的恐惧和 失恋，1802年欲自杀，后终于克服危机，振奋精神，继续作曲。 贝多芬音乐的创作风格，大致经历了三个阶段：（1）早期（波恩时期：1782-1792）其作品可以看到巴赫、海顿和莫扎特的影响。并为以后的创作积累了大量的素材。（2）中期（维也纳时期：1793-1808）此时创作的奏鸣曲和管弦乐曲，大大加强了作品的戏剧性，充分发展和完善了古典奏鸣曲式的结构和功能，显示出贝多芬的创作已完全成熟，并具独特的个性。（3）晚期（维也纳后期：1809-1827）音乐风格有明显的转变。作品规模缩小，主题带有歌唱性，增强了抒情性。呈现出浪漫主义的音乐风格。 贝多芬是人类艺术上最伟大的创造者之一。他一方面有着卓越的音乐天斌、炽热的叛逆气质和巨人般的坚强性格；另一方面他那百折不挠的意志和对社会的责任感而产生的崇高思想，形成他作为一个音乐家的特殊品质。他通过自己的创作，特别在他的九部交响曲中，反映了那个时代伟大的人民运动和最进步的思想。他以时代和个人的命运为题，通过深刻的哲理和感人的艺术形象相结合，写出了一系列交响乐作品，表现了从斗争到胜利、从黑暗到光明、从苦难到快乐的资产阶级上升时期的精神历程，他的九首交响曲像珍珠一样永远闪闪发光。 通过对贝多芬九首交响曲的研究和分析，特别是其中四首(即第三、五、六、九首)标题性交响曲的剖析，我们不仅可以了解贝多芬全部创作的基本面貌和他那伟大而纯真的思想，而且可以了解到交响乐创作上的重大革新，可以看到交响乐是如何从海顿、莫扎特时代过渡到以舒柏特、门德尔逊为代表的新发展时期。早在贝多芬在世时他就已被公认是具有世界意义的音乐家，他既是伟大的古典作曲家，又以浪漫派的先驱而载入史册。 贝多芬代表作品有《悲怆》奏鸣曲、《月光》奏鸣曲、《命运交响曲》（即第五交响曲）、《合唱交响曲》（即第九交响曲）等。 贝多芬的主要作品有：交响曲9首，序曲3首，钢琴协奏曲5首，小提琴协奏曲1首，弦乐四重奏19首，弦乐五重奏4首，钢琴三重奏8首，小提琴奏鸣曲10首，大提琴奏鸣曲4首，钢琴奏鸣曲32首，钢琴变奏曲20首， 钢琴小品24首，进行曲3首。此外，还有歌剧、清唱剧、康塔塔、弥撒曲、歌曲等Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740-1792), of Flemish origins, and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744-1787). Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, who worked as a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn, but was also an alcoholic who beat him and unsuccessfully attempted to exhibit him as a child prodigy. However, Beethoven's talent was soon noticed by others. He was given instruction and employment by Christian Gottlob Neefe, as well as financial sponsorship by the Prince-Elector. Beethoven's mother died when he was 17, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers. Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he studied with Joseph Haydn and other teachers. He quickly established a reputation as a piano virtuoso, and more slowly as a composer. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he was a freelancer, supporting himself with public performances, sales of his works, and stipends from noblemen who recognized his ability. Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart, at the same time exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and about a dozen piano sonatas, including the famous "Pathétique". The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around his realisation that he was losing his hearing, and is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. The Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3 - 8), the last three piano concertos and his only violin concerto, six string quartets (Nos. 7 - 11), many piano sonatas (including the "Moonlight", "Waldstein", and "Appassionata"), and Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio. Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven ceased to compose in 1826. The late works are greatly admired for their intellectual depth and their intense, highly personal expression. They include the Ninth Symphony (the "Choral"), the Missa Solemnis, the last six string quartets and the last five piano sonatas. Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Around age 28 he started to become deaf, a calamity which led him for some time to contemplate suicide. He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women, whom he idealized; he never married. A period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 is thought by some scholars to have been the result of depression, resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry. Beethoven quarreled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others, and frequently behaved badly to other people. He moved often from dwelling to dwelling, and had strange personal habits such as wearing filthy clothing while washing compulsively. He often had financial troubles, but such had been the life of most professional composers since his time. It is common for listeners to perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties. Beethoven was often in poor health, and in 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. His death in the following year is usually attributed to liver disease.

Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740-1792), of Flemish origins, and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744-1787).Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, who worked as a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn, but was also an alcoholic who beat him and unsuccessfully attempted to exhibit him as a child prodigy. However, Beethoven's talent was soon noticed by others. He was given instruction and employment by Christian Gottlob Neefe, as well as financial sponsorship by the Prince-Elector. Beethoven's mother died when he was 17, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers.Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he studied with Joseph Haydn and other teachers. He quickly established a reputation as a piano virtuoso, and more slowly as a composer. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he was a freelancer, supporting himself with public performances, sales of his works, and stipends from noblemen who recognized his ability.Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods.In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart, at the same time exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and about a dozen piano sonatas, including the famous "Pathétique".The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around his realisation that he was losing his hearing, and is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. The Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3 - 8), the last three piano concertos and his only violin concerto, six string quartets (Nos. 7 - 11), many piano sonatas (including the "Moonlight", "Waldstein", and "Appassionata"), and Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio.Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven ceased to compose in 1826. The late works are greatly admired for their intellectual depth and their intense, highly personal expression. They include the Ninth Symphony (the "Choral"), the Missa Solemnis, the last six string quartets and the last five piano sonatas.Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Around age 28 he started to become deaf, a calamity which led him for some time to contemplate suicide. He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women, whom he idealized; he never married. A period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 is thought by some scholars to have been the result of depression, resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry. Beethoven quarreled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others, and frequently behaved badly to other people. He moved often from dwelling to dwelling, and had strange personal habits such as wearing filthy clothing while washing compulsively. He often had financial troubles, but such had been the life of most professional composers since his time.It is common for listeners to perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties.Beethoven was often in poor health, and in 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. His death in the following year is usually attributed to liver disease.

荷兰艺术家 凡高 (1853--1890） 文森特·凡高(1853～1890年)生于南布拉邦特的格鲁宗戴尔,逝于瓦兹河畔安威尔.说起来,他成为画家的日子是1885年 12月.那时,他开始了既多产又短促的艺术生涯,因为他只需五年便完成了伟大的事业.在那时,如果他不是有个突如其来的显露,我 们今天无疑会把他作为表现劳动与贫困,工农辛苦的伟大画家,作为荷兰表现主义的第一人来纪念了. 他之成为画家乃是为了解决撕裂他灵魂的内心冲突,是为了对生活中遭受的挫折进 行报复.他出身于一个新教牧师之家,不过,有两个作绘画批发商的叔叔,这使他得以在海牙由他叔叔转让给巴黎古比尔的画廊,作了店 员.不久,画店把他派往伦敦的英国分店工作.在伦敦,他爱上了房主的女儿,并向她求婚.不幸,他遭到拒绝.他那不稳定的,过份神 经质和过份认真的性格使这一挫折分外沉重.他离开伦敦,于1875年回到巴黎总店.很快,他便对以巴黎为中心的思潮和运动着了迷 .他阅读一切能找到的书籍,参观博物馆受到同情卑贱者苦难的那些人道主义作家、画家的影响. "Vincent van Gogh was born near Brabant, the son of a minister. In 1869, he got a position at the art dealers, Goupil and Co. in The Hague, through his uncle, and worked with them until he was dismissed from the London office in 1873. He worked as a schoolmaster in England (1876), before training for the ministry at Amsterdam University (1877). After he failed to get a post in the Church, he went to live as an independent missionary among the Borinage miners. "He was largely self-taught as an artist, although he received help from his cousin, Mauve. His first works were heavily painted, mud-colored and clumsy attempts to represent the life of the poor (e.g. Potato-Eaters, 1885, Amsterdam), influenced by one of his artistic heroes, Millet. He moved to Paris in 1886, living with his devoted brother, Theo, who as a dealer introduced him to artists like Gauguin, Pissarro, Seurat and Toulouse-Lautrec. In Paris, he discovered color as well as the divisionist ideas which helped to create the distinctive dashed brushstrokes of his later work (e.g. Pere Tanguy, 1887, Paris). He moved to Arles, in the south of France, in 1888, hoping to establish an artists' colony there, and was immediately struck by the hot reds and yellows of the Mediterranean, which he increasingly used symbolically to represent his own moods (e.g. Sunflowers, 1888, London, National Gallery). He was joined briefly by Gauguin in October 1888, and managed in some works to combine his own ideas with the latter's Synthetism (e.g. The Sower, 1888, Amsterdam), but the visit was not a success. A final argument led to the infamous episode in which Van Gogh mutilated his ear. "In 1889, he became a voluntary patient at the St. Remy asylum, where he continued to paint, often making copies of artists he admired. His palette softened to mauves and pinks, but his brushwork was increasingly agitated, the dashes constructed into swirling, twisted shapes, often seen as symbolic of his mental state (e.g. Ravine, 1889, Otterlo). He moved to Auvers, to be closer to Theo in 1890 - his last 70 days spent in a hectic program of painting. He died, having sold only one work, following a botched suicide attempt. His life is detailed in a series of letters to his brother (published 1959)." Vincent van Gogh is well-regarded as one of the greatest and most famous artists, ever. His life and work has inspired and influenced much of art history since his tragic death in 1890. In fact, what many people today consider to be the archetypical "artist personna" is largely a result of his influence.http://（1868～1936）前苏联无产阶级作家，社会主义现实主义文学的奠基人。他出身贫苦，幼年丧父，11岁即为生计在社会上奔波，当装卸工、面包房工人，贫民窟和码头成了他的“社会”大学的课堂。他与劳动人民同呼吸共命运，亲身经历了资本主义残酷的剥削与压迫。这对他的思想和创作发展具有重要影响。 高尔基刻苦自学文化知识，并积极投身革命活动，探求改造现实的途径1892年发表处女作《马卡尔·楚德拉》，登上文坛，他的早期作品，杂存着现实主义与浪漫主义两种风格，这是他无产阶级世界观形成前必然经历的阶段。浪漫主义作品如《马卡尔·楚德拉》、《伊则吉尔老婆子》（1895）、《鹰之歌》（1895）等，赞美了热爱自由、向往光明与英雄业绩的坚强个性，表现了渴望战斗的激情；现实主义作品如《契尔卡什》、《沦落的人们》、《柯诺瓦洛夫》等，描写了人民的苦难生活及他们的崇高品德，表达了他们的激愤与抗争。这 些作品的主人公大多是努力探求新的生活道路、思考生活的意义并充满激烈内心冲突的人物。 1901年他创作了著名的散文诗《海燕之歌》，塑造了象征大智大勇革命者搏风击浪的勇 敢的海燕形象，预告革命风暴即将到来，鼓舞人们去迎接伟大的战斗，这是一篇无产阶级革 命战斗的檄文与颂歌，受到列宁的热情称赞。 1905年革命前夕，高尔基的创作转向了戏剧，1901～1905年，他先后写出了《小市民》、 《底层》、《避暑客》、《太阳的孩子们》和（野蛮人》等剧本。特别是《小市民》、《底 层》展现了现实生活中工人的新形象与新的精神面貌，表现了他们为自己权利而斗争的决心 与乐观情绪，它们的上演，在当时俄国的剧坛上引起了轰动。 1906年高尔基写成长篇小说《母亲》和剧本《敌人》两部最重要的作品——标志着其创 作达到了新的高峰。《母亲》塑造了世界文学史上第一批自觉为社会主义而斗争的无产阶级 革命者的英雄形象，是社会主义现实主义文学的奠基作。列宁肯定了它的现实意义。 1905年革命失败后，高尔基赴美国及意大利写了一系列政论文章，抨击西方资本主义制 度和充斥于思想、文学界的形形色色反动思潮。1908年创作的中篇小说《忏悔》流露出唯心 主义的造神论思想，受到列宁的严肃批评，并得到他的热情帮助。尽管如此，高尔基的主导 倾向仍然是积极的，富于革命的战斗精神。对新的无产阶级文学创作方法的特征从理论上进 行了许多探索，提出现实主义与浪漫主义相结合的观点。他在两次革命之间的创作成果颇丰， 如《奥古洛夫镇》（1909）、《夏天（1909）、《马特维·柯热米亚金的一生》（1910～ 1911）、《意大利童话》（1911～1913）、《俄罗斯童话》（1912～1917），以及稍后完成 的自传体长篇小说三部曲的前两部《童年》和《人间》（1913～1916）。 十月革命之后的十年间，高尔基因健康欠佳，仅写了关于列宁及一些作家的独具艺术风 格与重要文献价值的回忆录及自传体三部曲的最后一部《我的大学》（1922～1923）、《阿 尔塔莫诺夫家的事业》（1924～1925）等几部作品。1921年，他遵照列宁忠告，到国外养病。 1931年回国之后，从1925年起着手创作卷帙浩繁的具有史诗气魄的长篇巨著《克里姆·萨姆 金的一生》，这是一部未完成的作品。到1936年他去世前还写了《苏联游记》（1929）《英 雄的故事》和多部剧作《耶戈尔·布雷乔夫等人》（1932）、《托斯契加耶夫等人》(1933)、 《瓦萨·日烈兹诺娃》（1935），以及大量的文艺理论、文学批评和政论文章，对马克思主 义文艺理论和社会主义文化事业做出了重大贡献。 高尔基不仅是伟大的文学家，而且也是杰出的社会活动家。他组织成立了苏联作家协会， 并主持召开了全苏第一次作家代表大会，培养文学新人，积极参加保卫世界和平的事业。 高尔基的作品自1907年就开始介绍到中国。他的优秀文学作品和论著成为全世界无产阶 级的共同财富。 回答者：第九十棵5 - 见习魔法师 二级 7-18 07:42(1868~1936) of the former Soviet Union proletarian writer, the founder of socialist realism literature. He was poor, his father died young, 11-year-old is living in the community about when loader, bakeries workers, slum and terminals has become his "community" university classroom. He and working people shared their fate, and personal experience of capitalist exploitation and oppression. This thinking and creative development of his influential. Gorky assiduous self-study and cultural knowledge, and to actively join the revolution, exploring ways to transform the reality of 1892 released maiden work "news Chu Chandra," boarded literary circles, and his early works, a complex on the two styles of realism and romanticism, which he formed before the proletarian world outlook necessarily experienced stage. Romanticism works such as "news Chu Chandra", "Iraq is Gill old" (1895), "Eagle Song" (1895), praising the love of freedom, for the bright and heroic achievements strong personality, and demonstrated the passion for fighting; Realism works such as "Qierqiashen", "having people", "Kenuo CERD", depicting the life and the suffering of the people of noble character who express their indignation and protest. This Most of the leading character of these works is to seek out new life and thinking about the meaning of life and full of intense inner conflict figures. In 1901 he created the famous Sanwenshi "Swallow Song," a symbol of danger revolutionaries give shape wind strike wave of courage Swallow to the image of revolutionary turmoil upcoming notice, and encourage people to the great fighting is a proletarian r The official denunciation of the enemy's fighting with carol by Lenin warm praise. In 1901 he created the famous Sanwenshi "Swallow Song," a symbol of danger revolutionaries give shape wind strike wave of courage Swallow to the image of revolutionary turmoil upcoming notice, and encourage people to the great fighting is a proletarian r The official denunciation of the enemy's fighting with carol by Lenin warm praise. On the eve of the revolution in 1905, Gorky creative to the drama, 1901~1905 years, he has written the "ordinary people", The "bottom", "summer visitors", "sun children," and (barbarians "and other scripts. Especially the "public" and "end - "demonstrates real life workers with the new image of the new mental outlook, demonstrated their determination to fight for their rights And optimism, their staged in the Russian composers, raises sensational. Gorky from 1906 novel "Mother" and the script "enemy" two most important works -- marks its Chong Reached a new peak. "mother" mold first in the history of the world literature consciously proletarian struggle for socialism Revolutionary hero image, socialist realism is the foundation for literature. Lenin affirmed its relevance. 1905 revolution failed, the United States and Italy Gorky wrote a series of political comment articles from the Western capitalist system Degrees and are in ideology, the various literary reactionary ideologies. 1908 creation novella "repent" revealed idealist God creates, the theory of thinking, serious criticism by Lenin, and the enthusiasm to help him. Nevertheless, the dominant Gorky Tendency remains positive, which is filled with a revolutionary fighting spirit. Creation of new methods of proletarian literature from the theoretical into the OK explore the many proposed combination of realism and romanticism perspective. In between his two creative revolution has yielded fruitful results. Such as "Ms. Love town" (1909), "summer (1909)," Liu Jin Wu Ke hot life "(1910~ 1911), "Italian Tales" (1911~1913), "Russia's" (1912~1917), and later completed The administration of the former two bodies novel trilogy "childhood" and "human" (1913~1916). October Revolution after 10 years, because of poor health Gorky, Lenin and some only write on the unique artistic style writer Georgia and the value of important documents and memoirs of a self body of the final trilogy "My University" (1922~1923), "a Orta Rakhmonov's cause "(1924~1925) several films. 1921, he followed Lenin advice abroad to rest and recuperate. After returning in 1931 from 1925 onwards to create interesting Haofan so long discussions with the epic "Mr. Sum The life, "This is a unfinished works. He died in 1936 before he also wrote the "Soviet travel notes" (1929) "English - Story, "and number of peoples playwriting" Yegeer Buleiqiaofu and others "(1932)," Tuosixie Presse, and others "(1933), "Wasa Japan emergence Javier Nova" (1935), as well as a large number of literary and art theory, literary criticism and political comment article on the Marx Of artistic theory and socialist cultural undertakings made a significant contribution. Gorky is not only a great writer, but also an outstanding community activist. He had set up the Soviet Writers Association, And presided over a congress of the Soviet Union the first writer, a literary newcomers to participate actively in the defence of the cause of world peace. Gorky's works since 1907 began introducing to China. His outstanding literary works and books bands in the world-off Class common wealth. (长了一些,如果觉得太长,再删吧!!)

贝多芬生平简介 贝多芬LUDWIG VON BEETHOVERR (1770-1827)是十八世纪后年叶以来世界最著名的德国音乐家。1770年生于德国 莱茵河畔的波恩城。他的祖父原是荷兰籍，移居德国后，曾任当地宫廷乐长。父亲是个男高音歌手，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。父亲从小就逼迫他学琴。他13岁任宫廷乐队大键琴手，14岁任宫廷管风琴师,18岁任歌剧乐队中提琴手。1792年，海顿见到他，获准成为起学生。1795年首次在维也纳以作曲家及钢琴家身份登台。1798-1800年除教授钢琴外，埋头作曲。1800年4月举行作品音乐会，确立了作曲家的地位.此时，听力逐渐衰退，因耳聋的恐惧和失恋，1802年欲自杀，后终于克服危机，振奋精神，继续作曲。贝多芬音乐的创作风格，大致经历了三个阶段：（1）早期（波恩时期：1782-1792）其作品可以看到巴赫、海顿和莫扎特的影响。并为以后的创作积累了大量的素材。（2）中期（维也纳时期：1793-1808）此时创作的奏鸣曲和管弦乐曲，大大加强了作品的戏剧性，充分发展和完善了古典奏鸣曲式的结构和功能，显示出贝多芬的创作已完全成熟，并具独特的个性。（3）晚期（维也纳后期：1809-1827）音乐风格有明显的转变。作品规模缩小，主题带有歌唱性，增强了抒情性。呈现出浪漫主义的音乐风格。贝多芬是人类艺术上最伟大的创造者之一。他一方面有着卓越的音乐天斌、炽热的叛逆气质和巨人般的坚强性格；另一方面他那百折不挠的意志和对社会的责任感而产生的崇高思想，形成他作为一个音乐家的特殊品质。他通过自己的创作，特别在他的九部交响曲中，反映了那个时代伟大的人民运动和最进步的思想。他以时代和个人的命运为题，通过深刻的哲理和感人的艺术形象相结合，写出了一系列交响乐作品，表现了从斗争到胜利、从黑暗到光明、从苦难到快乐的资产阶级上升时期的精神历程，他的九首交响曲像珍珠一样永远闪闪发光。通过对贝多芬九首交响曲的研究和分析，特别是其中四首(即第三、五、六、九首)标题性交响曲的剖析，我们不仅可以了解贝多芬全部创作的基本面貌和他那伟大而纯真的思想，而且可以了解到交响乐创作上的重大革新，可以看到交响乐是如何从海顿、莫扎特时代过渡到以舒柏特、门德尔逊为代表的新发展时期。早在贝多芬在世时他就已被公认是具有世界意义的音乐家，他既是伟大的古典作曲家，又以浪漫派的先驱而载入史册。贝多芬代表作品有《悲怆》奏鸣曲、《月光》奏鸣曲、《命运交响曲》（即第五交响曲）、《合唱交响曲》（即第九交响曲）等。贝多芬的主要作品有：交响曲9首，序曲3首，钢琴协奏曲5首，小提琴协奏曲1首，弦乐四重奏19首，弦乐五重奏4首，钢琴三重奏8首，小提琴奏鸣曲10首，大提琴奏鸣曲4首，钢琴奏鸣曲32首，钢琴变奏曲20首， 钢琴小品24首，进行曲3首。此外，还有歌剧、清唱剧、康塔塔、弥撒曲、歌曲等