张经理英文

（这是书先生在的第26篇文章。本文约1700字，请花4分钟来阅读。） 作为一名大学青椒（青年教师的萌称），有个事情一直让我很困扰，那就是总有很多学生喜欢称呼我为teacher，很多学生还很尊敬的在teacher后面加上我的姓。每当碰到这种情况，我都会不厌其烦的向学生解释：“teacher不是称呼，它是个职业。称呼老师应该用Mr.或者Professor等用于称呼的词。”然后就听见学生说：“好的，teacher。没问题，teacher。” 在英文里面一般不会用职业（profession）+姓的方式来称呼他人。英语里有专门用于称呼的词，叫title。大家填表的时候就有一栏叫title，一般会给你一些选项，比如Mr., Mrs.和Dr. 等。title有一个特点，那就是可以简写。日常用语中常见的title如下： 在政治、法律、宗教领域还有很多title （比如我们可以说President Obama），这里就不一一列举了，有兴趣的朋友可以自行百度或者维基百科一下。 上面列出的所有称呼都可以用于老师，除了Sir和Madam以外，其它后面都可以加姓。Sir和Madam比较特殊，其后要么上面都不加，要么加上全名。 书先生在南洋理工大学读书期间，称呼大部分老师都是用Dr.加上老师的姓。其中有一位老师，由于还是博士在读，所以我们用Ms.加上她的姓来称呼她。Dr.是博士doctor的缩写，一种学位可以用于称呼，可见在英语文化中，对学术头衔还是很尊重的。 很多人也会以拥有博士学位为荣，毕竟这是人能够取得的最高学位了。我所知道的很多拥有博士学位的人都喜欢别人优先称呼TA为某某博士，而不是用先生或者女士。一个很有说服力的例子就是美国前国务卿基辛格博士，他总是坚持别人称他为基辛格博士而不是国务卿先生。他这样做很合理，毕竟博士是一辈子的头衔，而国务卿只是临时的工作。 对于中学老师，由于很多没有博士学位，所以一般称Mr.或者Miss等。 professor（教授）可以用于称呼，因为他是一个头衔（title）。但是teacher不行，因为teacher是职业（profession）。把一个老师直接称为teacher，就好像对着一个工人叫worker一样，在英语中听起来是很奇怪的。 职业和称呼有两点不同： 我理解有很多大学生之所以会犯这个错误，其中一个原因是中学时受到的错误引导。我记得我读中学的时候，每堂英语课前学生和老师互相问候时，学生总是说：“Good morning/afternoon, teacher.”然后老师说：“Good morning/afternoon, students.”所以学生很自然认为可以用teacher称呼老师。 另一个更重要的原因是文化的差异。在中文里，用职业来称呼人是普遍现象，而且是一种表示尊敬的方式。如果一个人是个经理，我们会叫他“张经理”、“李经理”；在建筑工地上，“张工（程师）”、“李工”都是尊称；公务部门对这个更是看重，有些干部，你不用官职称呼他，他还不高兴，所以官场是一片“张处”、“李处”声。 但在英语文化里，职业+姓是很奇怪的组合。你不会听到一个英语为母语者说manager Zhang, engineer Li或者Section Chief Wang这样的话。你会听到的是类似This is our manager Mr. Zhang这样的句子。 从中英在称呼上的对比可以看出，显然，中国人更倾向于用职业和官职来定义一个人。由于职业和官职往往意味着地位分级，可见中国的等级文化还是很发达。 另外，中文喜欢用职业+姓来称呼人，也和中国一直以来职业稳定性高有关。长久以来，在一个岗位上干到退休在中国是普遍现象。随着职业流动性加强，很可能中文的称呼也会相应变化。所以，通过观察语言使用的变化，可以看出社会变化。这个学科，现在被称为“文化组学”。有兴趣的朋友可以阅读《可视化未来》这本书，该书的作者就是“文化组学”的开创者。 另外一个有意思的现象是，现在的中国，人们习惯于把不清楚背景的人都称为老师。不信你到菜市场走一圈，几乎每个人都会叫你老师。很多年前，人们喜欢把不清楚背景的人叫“师傅”，不知道什么时候起被“老师”取代了。 这个变化有点意思，搞历时语用学的同学可以研究一下。书先生的猜测是，“同志”、“小姐”这样的词不好用了，“师傅”又基本上是体力劳动者的代名词，那就用“老师”吧，比较中性，至少不伤人。

Dear Mr. Zhang, I am applying the sales position which was posted on the Yangzi Evening Paper two days ago. My major field of study at university was international marketing, with emphasis on foreign trade business. Besides, I also took all the classes in the marketing field because I always want to be a marketing sales. I always want to work at your company because I believe that your company is the best in Shanghai. I can guarantee that if I am fortunately to work in your company, my knowledge and experience must reach a higher level. Attached my resume and two recommendation letters. If your company still have the vacancy after my graduation, please inform me immediately. If there is not vacany, I will also appreciate that you can file as record. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.Best Regards, Wang Ming

Zhang Jingli distinguished:It is written to apply in your company the day before yesterday, "Yang Zi Evening News" on the recruitment of a salesman's job.I study at the university's professional international trade, with emphasis on foreign trade and international marketing. In addition, I also take my school set up marketing of all aspects of the curriculum. The reason why I did so because I always wanted to be a member of marketing.Biren would like to hope that long after graduation to work in your company, your company because I think Shanghai is the best one. I am sure that if I had the pleasure of your company, Biren knowledge and experience will be greatly enhanced.I enclose herewith are the biographical notes and two letters of recommendation. If your company when I graduated at a time when there are vacancies, benefits come in a timely manner. If it does not happen to be vacant, please Biren curriculum vitae archive.Please reply sooner or later.Wang Ming, I would like to

Zhang Jingli distinguished: It is written to apply in your company the day before yesterday, "Yang Zi Evening News" on the recruitment of a salesman's job. I study at the university's professional international trade, with emphasis on foreign trade and international marketing. In addition, I also take my school set up marketing of all aspects of the curriculum. The reason why I did so because I always wanted to be a member of marketing. Biren would like to hope that long after graduation to work in your company, your company because I think Shanghai is the best one. I am sure that if I had the pleasure of your company, Biren knowledge and experience will be greatly enhanced. I enclose herewith are the biographical notes and two letters of recommendation. If your company when I graduated at a time when there are vacancies, benefits come in a timely manner. If it does not happen to be vacant, please Biren curriculum vitae archive. Please reply sooner or later. Wang Ming, I would like to Who wrote the address and Zip code: recipient address and Zip code: