直接关联英文

一、 举例论证：1. for example/for instance后面直接论述你自己的例子。（当然，如果有更好的说法，“尽量避免在文章中使用for example, such as, take……for example，因为口语化”2. a variety of scientist/philosophy/cases illustrate this point/issue/phenomenon（well）使用：对于核心词汇，illustrate的使用，特别是用在举例中，它的意思是：to make clear by giving or by serving as an example or instance，可以看出，illustrate本身就必须和examples联系起来。注意以下几个例句：（1）A single example will serve to illustrate the point. 只举一个例子就可以把问题说清楚了。 （注意，serve to和illustrate结合使用） （2）To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis. 为说明我的观点，我做了对比分析。（3）Could you illustrate this question with some examples? 你能举些实例来说明这个问题吗？ （4） I think this can serve to illustrate New Democracy. 我想这可以比喻新民主主义。 3. sb./sth. /serves/can be used as/ a /typical/representative/ /example/illustration/.4. a case in point is that……5. as to the realm of ……(填入某一领域), the case of……（你所要举的例子）serves as a good example to illustrate.6. While such examples are rear, the do occur occasionally, for example……（填入你的举例）7. Paragons such as……, respectively, come immediately to my mind.8. /History/The society/ /is replete with/abound in/brim over with/ examples of ……或者改写为There is abundant examples of…… in our life. 9. take a case of …… as an example10. such as……还有一些词和短语表达的虽然不完全是举例，但是是可以用来引出一段论证或例子的，也罗列在下面：11. namely,adv. 即, 也就是(用于具体举例)：例如：（1）Only one person can do the job, namely you. 只有一个人能做这项工作，那就是你。12.regarding……(短语，因为本身是介词＝about)（1）He knew nothing regarding the case. 关于这件事他一无所知。13.as regards……（短语） （1） As regards the second point in your letter... 关于你信中的第二点... （2）As regards economic issues, he agreed with our view. 在经济问题上，他同意我们的看法。（3）As regards that matter I'm quite of your opinion. 关于那件事，我很同意你的意见。 14.as to whether ……（句子）（1）They are divided as to whether it is worth doing. 这事是否值得做，他们看法不一致。 （2）He's very uncertain as to whether it's the right job for him. 这件工作对他是否合适，他毫无把握。（3）She was in a dilemma as to whether to stay at school or get a job. 她进退两难，不知该留在学校读书还是找份工作做。 15.in terms of……(加短语)（1）To perceive in terms of past experiences. 凭借以往经验来察觉（2）wealth reckoned in terms of money. 以钱币形式表现的财富。16.in respect of……(加短语)（1）Her work is good in respect of quality but bad in respect of quantity. 她的工作质量好但是数量差。17.with respect to……(短语)（1）To be like with respect to specified qualities. 相当在某些具体特质上与…相似 二、 引用：（一） 引用的对象：可以是名人名言，也可以是大众的话－用别人的嘴说出自己想说的话。（二） 如何引用：1. As sb. once said(and I paraphrase)2. according to sb.,……(插入语，对这个sb.进行介绍)， once said……(名言),which is to say……（自己的论证）3. （先引用名言）接下来说：Although I’m not a /student/specialist/ of ……（某行业／专业）, my understanding is that……（对名言的解释）三、 引申论证：四、 反证法：五、 论证中的转折过渡：1．……（正面说）however, as universally acknowledged, any good thing will become bad if going to its extreme,……（反面说）2. …… serves as a two edged sword……3./overextended/undue/ …… serves to be counterproductive or even harmful.4.as a coin has two sides,……5…… however, like anything /inchoate/incipient/……(说明弊端)此句用于说明新生事物的缺点六、逻辑连接词：（一）表示先后次序：1. at this time2. to begin with…… to sum up/in sum3. previously4. for one thing…… for another 用于说一个事物的两个方面5. firstly……secondly……finally 其中finally也可以单独使用，表示最后一点的论述6. simultaneously=at the same time7. eventually=in the end=at last8. last but not least9. following this10. proceeding this（二）表因果关系：1. being that:因为（写作中尽量少使用，因为是方言性质的词汇）2. owing to=due to: because of, as a result of（是比较正规的表示“由于、因为”含义的词汇，建议多用due to因为出现的时间较晚，比较贴近现实）3. for the reason that4. in the view of=in regard to : in consideration of 考虑到，由于。5. therefore6. consequently=as a consequence=in consequence7. hence : because of a preceding fact or premise=THEREFORE8. accordingly=so=consequently9. thereupon=whereupon=consequently10. whereupon11. because=because of12. since13. so14. thus（三）表转折关系：1. yet=but2. nevertheless=nonetheless: in spite of that=however（nonetheless出现的比nevertheless出现的晚）3. however4. despite that=in spite of5. regardless of=in spite of（regardless of比in spite of 出现晚）6. and yet7. but yet（6，7类似于yet）在议论文中常见的是在让步后加以转折，使文章显得更有条理，更有说服力,所以，下面顺带来说说表示让步的连接词：1. naturally :（当然） according to the usual course of things : as might be expected 例句： We naturally dislike being hurt。2. granted=granting that（假定……, 就算……）例句：Granted that you have some progress, you should not be conceited. 翻译：即使你有了一些进步，也不该骄傲。3. of course4. admittedly 例句： Admittedly, we took a chance. 翻译：必须承认，我们有投机心理。5. provided=on conditions that6. while it is true that……（四）并列关系：1. and2. as well as 3. both……and……4. either……or……5. neither……nor……6. again7. also（注意：借用表达同时含义的词也可以表达并列关系，如：at the same time, simultaneously）（五）递进关系：1. furthermore=besides : in addition to what precedes2. moreover=besides=what is more3. not……but……4. in addition5. additionally=furthermore6. on one hand……on the other hand……（此词组也可以表示年个里并列、对比的含义）7. not only……but also……8. ……meanwhile……=meantime9. likewise10．further（六）表类比关系：之一：比较相同点：1. in like manner2. in comparison with3. compared with4. likewise=in like manner=similarly5. in the same way6. similarly7. equally8. just as 之二：比较不同点：1. while2. notwithstanding 例句：notwithstanding their inexperience, they were an immediate success3. rather=instead 例句：It was no better but rather grew worse4. rather than5. on the contrary6. whereas(而、却、反之) 例句：He is ill, whereas I am only a little tired.7. in contrast=on the contrary（七）表示强调：1. in fact（其实，事实上）2. especially（在后面直接跟上你要强调的内容）3. particularly4. in particular=specifically5. moreover6. in reality（实际上，事实上）7. what is more important8. indeed=in reality9. not to mention（更不用说）10. undoubtedly（毫无疑问的）11. no doubt12. without doubt13. certainly14. absolutely（八）表示条件关系：1. once…… ：一旦 例句：If one once losses confidence, he can never expect to do his work well. 翻译：一旦失去信心，就别想做好工作。2. unless…… ：如果不，除非 例句：We shall not call the meeting unless absolutely possible. 翻译：除非绝对必要，我们将不召开会议。3. if……（这个词我们太熟悉了，我就不举例子了）4. lest……: for fear that 用法：often used after an expression denoting fear or apprehension 例句I was worried lest she should be late. I hesitant to speak out lest he be fired.5. provided (that)…… 例句：provided that circumstances permit 翻译：如果条件允许的话6. if possible……（如果可能的话）7. if so……（如果这样的话）（九）表示总结：1. to sum up2. in sum3. on the whole: 1) : in view of all the circumstances or conditions : all things considered 2) : in general : in most instances : TYPICALLY4. in short: by way of summary=briefly5. therefore6. consequently7. in brief8. in conclusion9. in summary10. to conclude11. in conclusion12. at length : 1) : FULLY, COMPREHENSIVELY 2) : at last : FINALLY13．to summarize14. to put it in a nutshell15. all in all16. in all

关联词英语如下：

1.表示列举和举例   first of all，for one thing，for another，to begin with，first，second，next，in the first (second) place，furthermore，moreover，beyond that，also，besides，in addition，what is more，such as，finally; for example，for instance等。

2.表示原因

since，because (of)，as，for，owing to，result from，due to，on account of，on the ground of，as a result of等。

3.表示时间顺序

at the same time，as soon as，so far，since，then，until，when，meanwhile，shortly，later，lately，after a while，at that time，before，earlier，presently，in the meantime，formerly等。4.表示空间顺序

close to，close at hand（近在身旁），next to，down，far，beyond，against（对着），on the opposite side（相对的），opposite to，above，across，across from，around，at the bottom，before，behind，below，beneath，between，in the middle of，in the distance，in the center of，farther，on the left/right等。

5.表示重复

in other words，again，as has been pointed out，to repeat，as I have said above，once again，after all，indeed，in fact，truly，of course，chiefly，especially，certainly，actually，particularly，to be sure，above all，surely，most important of all，even worse，no doubt，needless to say等。

6.表示结果

so，then，therefore，thus，hence，consequently，as a result，accordingly，for this reason，as a consequence，on that account，it follows that等。

7.表示总结

to sum up，in summary，to summarize，in short，in brief，to be brief，in other words，on the whole，in conclusion，to conclude等。8.表示对比和对照

（1）对照：but，however，yet，or，nevertheless，still，nonetheless，conversely，nor，rather，whereas，thought，on the one hand，on the other hand，on the contrary，by contrast with/to，in contrast (with/to)，even though，instead，unlike，different from，instead (of)，the opposite (of)，unlike，although，while，but等。（2）对比：similarly，likewise，like，as，at the same time，in fact，too，in the same way，in a like manner，both，each，also，compared with等。

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