下一个路岔
2018专四语言知识必考语法知识
2018专四语言知识题题型为词汇语法选择题，我整理了2018专四语言知识必考语法知识，供考生们参考复习。
2018专四语言知识必考语法知识之虚拟语气
常考“坚决要命”型、would rather型、high time型的虚拟语气和虚拟语气的倒装形式。“坚决要命”型指句子的主句中带有表达“坚持、决定或决心、要求、命令”等意义的词语，从句使用should型的虚拟语气。
例如：
It is essential that he examine all the facts first. (2014)
Had it not been for your advice, I would have made the wrong decision. (2016)
It's getting late. I'd rather you left now. (2011)
值得注意的是，近几年出现新的趋势：在考查语言结构的基础上，加入了对句子所表达的语气、程度和深层语义的检测。比如2016年的第20小题：
The sentence "I wish I had been more careful in spending money." expresses the speaker's _____.
A. hope B. joy
C. regret D. relief
2018专四语言知识必考语法知识之主谓一致
多年来侧重考察集合名词(如cattle，police，family，audience )、学科(如politics，physics, statistics)、时间、金钱、距离作为整体表示总量(如20 miles，5 dollars，30 minutes)、either...or，neither...nor的就近原则等几个方面的主谓一致。近年的考题加强了综合性，看是一个小题，却能考察一个语法现象的几个小点。
例如：
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (2015)
A. Five miles seem like a long walk to me.
B. Ten dollars was stolen from the cash register.
C. Either my sister or my brother is coming.
D. Only one out of six were present at the meeting.
2018专四语言知识必考五类语法知识之情态动词
情态动词对中国学生是一个难点，也是考察的重点。考察方式也从以往的选出正确的用词，提升到对情态动词所表达的内涵的深度理解。
例如：
Which of the following sentences express Willingness? (2012)
A. By now she will be eating dinner.
B. I shall never do that again.
C. You shall get a promotion.
D. My brother will help you with the luggage.
又如:
Which of the following sentences expresses a Fact?(2013)
Which of the following sentences indicates Possibility? (2014)
Sentence ___ expresses the highest degree of Possibility. (2016)
关于情态动词，建议关注should除了“应该”外，还常表示“竟然”和“万一”; shall可以用在第二、三人称后表命令、要求、规定和意愿;Shall we是提出suggestion，而Shall I...是提出offer;must表肯定的推测，can not表否定的推测。
2018专四语言知识必考五类语法知识之句法成分和语法概念
自2010年起，每年都会有几个题考察某个划线部分/斜体部分在句子中的`所做的成分或者相互关系，所以考生要熟悉一些语法术语的英语表达，如subject，predicate，object，appositive，complement， adverbial of condition / concession / time，dynamic verb，stative verb，reflexive pronouns等。
例如：
Which of the following italicized parts indicates a predicate-object relationship? (2014)
A. He was reading Mary's letter in the room.
B. You can buy men's shoes in this shop.
C. Mrs. Blake's passport was lost.
D. The enemy's defeat brought the war to an end.
Which of the following italicized parts indicates a subject-verb relation? (2015)
A. The man has a large family to support.
B. She had no wish to quarrel with her brother.
C. He was the last guest to leave.
D. Mary needs a friend to talk to.
Which of the following is a stative verb? (2015)
A. drink B. close
C. rain D. belong
2018专四语言知识必考语法知识之限定词
限定词(determiners)也成为考察的热点，each，all, half，both，such，other，another，few，many，a bit等都在近年考题中出现。这些词看司空见惯，但是对它们在句子中的位置和使用的准确度，考生们仍有不扎实之处。
小结
语法部分无外乎虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、情态动词、反义疑问句、限定词、时态语态、倒装、各类从句、比较结构等十来个方面。上面五点是考试中出现频率较高，甚至每年必考的内容。其他几方面，考生可以仿照上面的方式，梳理近十年的考题，以点带面，以题促练，进行考前强化。
紫竹幽阁Nina
状语从句英语专四语法辅导总结
复 合句——副词性(状语)从句
副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。
状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。
1.条件状语从句的常考知识点
(1)if与unless的用法。 if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于if not“如果不”、“除非”。如：In debating, one must correct the opponent’s facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient.
(2)复合连词as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that；动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：
You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.
Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.
In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. (如果……)
You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank. (如果……)
Suppose it rained, we would still go. (假如……)?Say it were true, what would you do about it??(假如……)
(3)祈使句表示条件。如：Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.
Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.
2.让步状语从句的常考知识点
(1)as 引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的`部分置于句首。如： Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.
Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.
(2)while引导让步从句。如:
Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.
(3)复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:
Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.
For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
3.时间状语从句的常考知识点
(1)before表示汉语的 “只有/必须……才能”。如:?New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.
(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：
I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.
(3)when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：
Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.
(4)名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词作用。如:
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.
(5)副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时间从句, 相当于as soon as。如:
The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.
4.原因状语从句的常考知识点
(1)in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:
Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.
(2)now that表示 “既然” ; seeing that, considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:
Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.
He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.
Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。
5.while, whereas 引导对比从句
如: While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.
A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.
6.so…that…, with the result that, so much so that 引导结果状语从句
如: Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.
He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.
7.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虚拟语气) 引导目的状语从句
如: Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.
Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.
8.where作为连接副词的一种用法, 翻译为“在……地方”
如: In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.
