一纯佛雨
CHAPTER 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS1.1 Principal ComponentsToday's average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment.1.2 EngineThe engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.1.3 BodyAn automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.1.4 ChassisThe chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems.Transmission systems ― conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.Suspension― absorbs the road shocks.Steering― controls the direction of the movement.Brake― slows down the vehicle.1.5 Electrical EquipmentThe electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engine's mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.New WordsPrincipal component 主要部件category 种类，类型body 车身chassis 底盘layout 布置power unit 动力装置internal combustion engine 内燃机cylinder 汽缸gasoline 汽油spark 火花ignition 点燃，点火diesel 柴油机compression 压缩shaft 轴transmission 传动系sheet metal 金属板shell 外壳hood （发动机）罩trunk deck 行李舱盖cargo 货物styling 样式assembly 总成，装配suspension 悬挂，悬置shock 冲击steering 转向，操纵brake 刹车，制动器clutch 离合器gearbox 变速器driveshaft 传动轴final drive 主减速器，后桥differential 差速器slow down （使）慢下来，减速horn 喇叭starter 起动机charge 充电alternator 交流发电机Review Questions 1. List the main parts of an automobile?2. What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?3. Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis?4. Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?
winonafirst1
A capacitor is a tool consisting of two conductive plates, each of which hosts an opposite charge. These plates are separated by a dielectric or other form of insulator, which helps them maintain an electric charge. There are several types of insulators used in capacitors, including ceramic, polyester, tantalum air, and polystyrene. Other common insulators include air, paper, and plastic. Each effectively prevents the plates from touching each other.There are a number of different ways to use a capacitor, such as to store analog signals and digital data. Another type is used in the telecommunications equipment industry to adjust the frequency and tuning of telecommunications equipment. This is often referred to avariable capacitor. A capacitor is also ideal for storing electrons, but it cannot make them.The first capacitor was the Leyden jar, invented at the Netherlands University in the 18th century. It consists of a glass jar coated with metal on the inside and outside. A rod is connected to the inner coat of metal, passed through the lid, and topped off with a metal ball. As with all capacitors, the jar contains an oppositely charged electrode and a plate that is separated by an insulator. The Leyden jar has been used to conduct experiments in electricity for hundreds of years.A capacitor can be measured in voltage, which differs on each of the two interior plates. Both plates are charged, but the current flows in opposite directions. A capacitor contains 1.5 volts, which is the same voltage found in a common AA battery. As voltage is used, one of the two plates becomes filled with a steady flow of current. At the same time, the current flows away from the other plate.To understand the flow of voltage in a capacitor, it is helpful to look at naturally occurring examples. Lightning, for example, works in a similar way. The cloud represents one of the plates and the ground represents the other. The lightning is the charging factor moving between the ground and the cloud.翻译：电容器是一种工具由两片导电板,每个主机一个相反的电荷。这些板块分离的介质或其他形式的绝缘体,这有助于他们维持一个电荷。有几种类型的绝缘材料用于电容器,包括陶瓷,聚酯,钽的空气,和聚苯乙烯。其他常见的绝缘体包括空气、纸张、塑料。每个有效地防止这些盘子从相互接触。有许多不同的方式来使用一个电容器,比如存储模拟信号和数字数据。另一种类型是用于电信设备行业调整频率和调优的电信设备。这通常被称为一个可变电容器。一个电容器也适合存储电子,但它不能使他们。第一个电容器是莱顿瓶,发明了在荷兰大学在18世纪。它由一个玻璃罐涂层与金属在里面和外面。一杆连接到内部层金属,通过盖子,充满了金属球。如同所有的电容器,jar包含一个电荷相反的电极和一个板,是由绝缘体分开。莱顿瓶的一直被用来进行实验在电了数百年。一个电容器可以测量电压,而不同于每个两个内部板块。两个板块是带电的,但目前在相反的方向流动。一个电容器包含1.5伏,这是相同的电压发现在一个共同的AA电池。作为电压使用,其中一个板块变得充满了稳定的电流。同时,电流远离其他板。要理解流在电容器的电压,它有助于看看天然的例子。闪电,例如,以类似的方式工作。云代表一个板块的和地面代表了其他。闪电是充电因子之间移动地面和云。
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