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望采纳The term ‘apoptosis' was introduced by Kerr et al.1 to describenaturally occurring cell death in mammalian tissues. Since then, work in various model organisms has been instrumentalin gaining insights into the mechanism and regulation of apoptosis, and inidentifying the diverse biological roles of this process. The apoptotic pathwaywas first characterized in C. elegans where somatic cell death occurs in aninvariant, cell lineage-directed pattern. In this organism, programmed celldeath allows a single-cell lineage program to operate in each sex or indifferent parts of the animal, with only minor modifications. In otherorganisms, including insects and mammals, apoptosis is epigenetically regulatedand is also important for the removal of potentially harmful cells. Inaddition, apoptosis can function in a variety of morphogenetic events, such as,digits individualization.3“凋亡”一词被引入到克尔et al.1 describenaturally细胞死亡发生在哺乳动物组织。自那时以来,在各种工作模式生物已instrumentalin获得洞察细胞凋亡的机制和监管,并inidentifying不同生物的角色这一过程。在秀丽隐杆线虫的凋亡pathwaywas第一特征,体细胞死亡发生在aninvariant,细胞lineage-directed模式。在这个有机体,编程celldeath允许一个单细胞沿袭计划在每个性或冷漠的动物,只有一些细微的修改。otherorganisms,包括昆虫和哺乳动物,细胞凋亡是epigenetically regulatedand也是很重要的潜在有害细胞的清除。此外,细胞凋亡可以在各种形态形成事件的功能,如数字individualization.3Cells undergoing apoptosis show a series ofwell-characterized physical changes such as plasma membrane blebbing,permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane, DNA fragmentation,nucleus disintegration and eventually cell disintegration into apoptotic bodiesthat are then engulfed and degraded by phagocytes. These steps involve aconserved molecular program that leads to the activation of caspases, a familyof cysteine proteases that proteolyses numerous substrates in dying cells tofacilitate cell clearance.细胞发生凋亡显示一系列ofwell-characterized等离子体膜起泡等生理变化,线粒体外膜的透化作用,DNA碎片,细胞核解体,最终蜕变成凋亡bodiesthat然后吞噬,吞噬细胞退化。这些步骤包括aconserved分子的激活程序,导致还存在,有半胱氨酸蛋白酶,proteolyses无数死亡细胞基质帮助细胞间隙。The rearrangement of cytoskeletal elementsduring apoptosis is well documented. Actin is first reorganized into a peripheralring that contracts with the collaboration of myosin II to form dynamicmembrane protrusions or blebs. Subsequently, blebbing stops, actindepolymerizes and apoptotic bodies are formed. Intermediate filaments, such aslamins, are also modified during apoptosis. Finally, microtubules, firstdepolymerized in early stage apoptosis, reform during later stages and appearto assist fragmentation at least in some cell types.细胞骨架的重排elementsduring凋亡是有据可查的。肌动蛋白是第一重组成一个peripheralring与肌球蛋白II的合作合同形成dynamicmembrane突起或blebs。随后,起泡,actindepolymerizes和凋亡小体形成。aslamins这样的中间丝,在细胞凋亡也修改了。最后,微管,firstdepolymerized凋亡早期阶段,改革在稍后阶段,显示为协助至少在某些类型的细胞碎片。Interestingly, caspases are key mediatorsof cell degradation during apoptosis, but are also involved in non-apoptoticcellular remodeling, such as spermatid individualization, macrophagedifferentiation, cornification, skeletal differentiation, erythropoiesis andlens cells differentiation. This highlights an important role of caspases incontrolling cell-shape modification in apoptotic or non-apoptotic processes.有趣的是,还存在关键mediatorsof在凋亡细胞退化,但也参与non-apoptoticcellular改造,如精子细胞个性化、macrophagedifferentiation,角质化,骨骼分化、红细胞生成andlens细胞分化。这强调了一个重要的作用还存在凋亡或non-apoptotic cell-shape修改过程进行实时监控。