civi英文

英语常见词根词缀表使用说明：下表中黑体字部分为词根和前后缀及其变体；两斜杠之间的斜体字为词根词缀的含义；其后是例词。变体和原体的含义相同，只是由于元音或辅音的发音关系，原体发生了变化，产生了变体而已。例如：在“a-, an- / without, lacking, not / asymmetric, apolitical, anemia”例条中，a- 和 an- 为前缀，其中 an- 为 a- 的变体；/ without, lacking, not / 为该前缀的含义；而asymmetric, apolitical和anemia为例词。前缀: a-, an- / without, lacking, not / asymmetric, apolitical, asexual, anemia, anarchy ab-, a-, abs- / from, away from / abduct, abjure, abdication, avert, abstain ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- / to, forward / admit, adjure, accord, affliction, aggregation, annexation, apparition, arraignment, assumption, attendance ambi- / both / ambidextrous, ambivalent amphi- / round, about / amphitheater, amphigens an-, ana- / up; up through, back / anatomy, analysis, anachronism ante-, anti- / before / antecedent, antebellum, anticipate anti- / counter, against / antibiotic, antibody, antisocial, antifascist apo- / away, from / apostasy, apostle ar-, arch- /chief, principal / archangel, archenemy, architect be- / to make, to take from / belittle, befriend, betake, bespeak belli- / war / belligerent, rebellious, bellicose ben-, bon- / good, well / benefit, benediction, benign, bonus bi- / two / bicycle, bilateral, bisect, bipolar, bivalence biblio- / book / bibliography, bibliophile, Bible by- / aside or apart from the common, secondary / by-product, bypass, byname cat- / downwards, under, against / catacomb, catechise, catastrophe circu-, circum- / around / circumnavigation, circumlocution, circumspection, circuit com-, con-, col-, cor-, co- / together, with / combine, compassion, contract, concentric, collaborate, correspond, cooperation contra- / against / contradiction, contraband, contrast de- / down from, away / decapitate, dehydrate, dehumanize, degrade demi- / a half or a part of / demi-god, demilune, demiwolf di-, dia- / through, across / diode, diameter, dialog, dialectics dif-, dis- / not, the opposite, apart / different, diffuse, disagree, divert, dispel dys- / badly, with difficulty, hard / dyscrasia, dyslexia, dyspepsia e- / out / emigrant, egress, emit, elope, ejaculate, eject ec-, ef-, ex- / an outcome of / effect, effulgence, ecstasy, eccentric, expire em-, en- / to make / employ, embrace, enable, enrich em-, en- / in, on, into / encage, enclose, embalm, emphasis, energy epi- / on, outer, over / epidermis, epicenter, epitaph equi- / equal / equilateral, equilibrium, equivalent ex-, exo-, extra- / from, out of, without / export, exodus, exotic, ex-officio, extraordinary eu- / beautiful, good / eulogize, eugenics, euphemism for- / not, against, away / forget, forbid, forgo, forfend fore- / before, in front of / forehead, foretell, forefather hemi- / a half / hemisphere, hemistich, hemicrania hetero- / denoting dissimilarity / heterogeneous, heterodox, heterarchy homo- / denoting similarity / homogeneous, homonym, homosexual hydro- / water / hydraulics, hydrometer, hydropathy hyper- / over, beyond, excessive / hypertension, hypercritical, hypersensitive hypo- / under, beneath, down / hypothesis, hypothermia, hypocrisy im-, in-, il-, ir- / in, into, on / imbibe, import, income, input, illustration, irrigation im-, in-, il-, ir- / not / impossible, immature, inconsiderate, ineffectual, illegal, irresponsible infra- / under, beneath / infrared, infra-structure, infra-costal inter- / between / international, interpersonal, interaction, Internet intra-, intro- / within / intramural, intravenous, Intranet, introduction, introspection iso- / equality or similarity / isocheimal, isochomatic kilo- /a thousand/ kilogram, kilowatt, kilometer magna- /big, great/ magnanimous, magnitude, magnum macro- / big / macrocomputer, macrocontrol, macroeconomy mal- / bad, wrong / malnutrition, maltreatment, malapropism mega- / of great size / megaphone, megaton, megalopolis, megavolt meta- / beyond, transcending / metaphor, metaphysics, meta-memory micro- /small / microcomputer, microcontrol, microeconomy milli- /a thousand/ millennium, millimeter, millisecond mis- / bad, wrong / mistake, misspelling, mispronounce, mislead mono- / one, alone / monotony, monogamy, monochrome multi- / many / multiple choice, multilateral, multimedia neo- / new / neo-Confucianism, neolithic, neology, neodoxy neu- / non-partial / neutral, neutron neuro- / nerve / neurology, neurotic, neurasthemia non- / not, reversing the sense / nonalignment, nonsmoker, nonsense ob-, oc-, of-, o-, op- / in the way of, against / object, obsolete, occasion, offend, omit, oppose omni- / all / omnivorous, omnibus, omniscient out- / beyond, exceeding / outbid, outbreak over- / beyond, excessive / overwork, overawe, overcoat paleo- / old, anscient / paleoanthropology, paleobiology, paleolithic pan-, panta- / all, everything / pan-America, pantomime, pandemonium para- / alike, comparison, unlike / paraphrase, paradox, parody peri- / around / peripheral, periscope, perimeter poly- / many / polytechnic, polymer, polyglot post- / after / postgraduate, posthumous, postwar pre- / before / prewar, prepare, preposition, preschool pro-, por-, pur- / forward, forth / progress, proceed, portend, pursue pseud- / false or spurious / pseudo-science, pseudo-membrane, pseudonym re-, retro- / back, again / regression, review, retrospect, retrogressive se- / aside, separating / secede, seduce, sedition, separate semi- (hemi-) / half, partly / semiconductor, semifinal, semicircle, hemisphere sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sus-, / under / submit, submarine, succeed, suffix, suggest, support sustain, subsonic super- / above, greater, better / supersonic, supermarket, superpower, superiority syn-, sym- / with, together / sympathy, symmetry, synchronic, synonym trans- / across / transport, transplant, translation, transcontinental tri- / three / tricycle, triple, triangle ultra- / beyond, excessive, extreme / ultrasonic, ultraviolet un- / not / undecided, unimportant under- / beneath, lower in rank or degree / underdog, underfeed, undercoat uni- / one / unite, unification, uniform up- / upwards / uproot, upcast, upstart with- / opposition, privation / withdraw, withstand后缀: -able, -ible / adj. capable of, fit for / eatable, workable, considerable, sizable -ac /adj. like, pertaining to / cardiac, maniac -age, -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency /n. signifying the state of being / coinage, acceptance, existence, constancy, consistency -ate / v. to make / activate, motivate, originate -cle, -cule / adj. or n. small, little / particle, sickle, animalcule, miniscule -dom / n. signifying dominion, office / kingdom, officialdom -er, -or, -eer / n. one who / worker, writer, professor, engineer -fy / v. to make / beautify, purify, simplify -ic, -ical / adj. relating to, having the nature of / historic, economic, biblical, mechanical -ics /n. study / economics, physics, linguistics -il, -ile /adj. having the property of / civil, juvenile, puerile, ductile -ism / n. action or practice, theory or doctrine / mechanism, imperialism, dogmatism -ist / n. one who / physicist, communist, cyclist -ity / n. condition, quality / activity, flexibility, identity, probability, feasibility -ize / v. to make / modernize, revolutionize, popularize, realize -logy / n. study, work / geology, psychology, metallurgy -ment, -mony / n. the state of being / experiment, movement, harmony, hegemony -ness / n. condition, quality, state of being / carelessness, sadness, illness -oid / n. like, resembling / asteroid, mongoloid, anthropoid -ous, -ious, -ose /adj. having the quality of / industrious, dangerous, bellicose -ship / n. the state or quality of / sportsmanship, partnership, friendship -tion, -ation, -sion /n. condition, the act of / information, reflection, extroversion -tude, -ty / n. signifying the property / attitude, altitude, radioactivity, tenacity -ward(s) / signifying direction / eastward, homeward, upward(常见的拉丁或希腊语词尾): -us cactus, alumnus, impetus (original plural form: “i”, alumni) -a alumna, vita, formula (original plural form: “i”, alumni, or “ae”, formulae) -um datum, curriculum (original plural form: “a”, data, curricula) -ia, -sis, -tis (medical terms) anoxia, anemia, dyslexia, tuberculosis, hepatitis, meningitis词根: -acr- / sharp / acrimonious, acerbity, acidulate -act-, -ag- / to do / action, reaction, agent, -aev- / age, era / primeval, coeval, medieval -agog- / leader / demagogue, pedagogue -agri-, -agrari- / field / agriculture, agrarian, peregrination -ali- / another / alias, aliens, inalienable -ann-, -en- / year / annual, anniversary, centennial, biennial -anim- / spirit / unanimous, magnanimous, animation-anthrop- / human / anthropology, misanthrope, philanthropist -aqua- / water / aquatic sports, aquarium, aquanaut -arch- / government, chief, leader / monarchy, anarchy, archbishop -aster-, -astro-, -stellar- / star / asteroid, astronomy, constellation -audi- / hear / auditor, auditorium, audio-visual lab -auto- / self / autobiography, automation, automobile, autism -belli- / fight, war / bellicose, belligerent, rebellion -bio- / life / biology, biography, biochemical, antibiotics -bon-, -ben- / good / bonus, debonair, benefit, benign, benediction -brev- / short / brief, abbreviate, brevity -cad-, -cas- / to fall / cadence, decadent, accident -cap-, -capt-, -cep- / to take / capture, precept, participate -cap-, -capit- / head, chief / capital, captain, decapitation, per capita income -carn- / flesh, body / carnivore, incarnation -ced-, -cess- / go, move, yield / precede, recede, succeed, antecedent, secede, process -cent- / one hundred / century, centennial, percentage, centigrade, centipede -centr- / center / central, concentric, centrifugal, concentrate -chrom- / color / monochrome, trichromatic chromosome -chron- / time / chronology, anachronism, synchronic, chronicle -cid-, cis- / cut / incision, homicide, precision -cit- / call / excite, incite, recite -civi- / citizen / civil, civilian, civilization -clam- / to cry out / clamorous, acclamation, exclaim -claud-, -claus-, -clos-, -clud- / to close / claustrophobia, enclose, conclude -cogno- / knowledge, knowing / cognition, recognition, incognito, acognostic -comp- / to fill / complete, complement, comply -cord- / heart / accord, cordial, discord -corp- / body / corpse, corps, incorporation, corporeal -cred- / to believe / credence, incredulous, incredible -cur- / to care / curator, sinecure, to cure -curr-, -curs- / course, to run / excursion, current, precursor, curriculum -cycle- / cycle / bicycle, tricycle, recycle -dat- / to give / data, mandate, date -demo- / people / demography, democracy, demagogue, epidemic -deb- / to owe / debt, indebtedness, debenture -derm- / skin / epidermis, pachyderm, dermatology -di-, -diurn- / daytime / diary, diurnal, journal -dic- / say, speak / dictation, dictionary, dictator, contradiction -doc- / to teach / docile, doctrine, document, doctor -domin- / to rule / dominate, domain, indomitable -duc- / lead / aqueduct, conductor, education, viaduct -dynam- / power, strength / dynamite, dynamo, dynamics -ego- / self / egocentric, egotism -erg- / to work / energy, ergatocracy, metallurgy -err- / to wander, to deviate / error, erratic, errand -fact-, -fect- / make, do / factory, manufacture, effect, affect -fall-, -fals- / to deceive / fallacy, infallible, falsification -fer- / to bring, to bear / ferry, transfer, coniferous, refer -flect- / bend / inflexible, reflect -gam- / marriage / monogamy, bigamy, polygamy -gen- / produce, birth / gene, generator, eugenic, generation -geo- / earth / geology, geothermal, geometric -graph-, -gram- / writing / geography, biography, telegram, diagram -greg- / group, together / gregarious, aggregate, egregious -helio- / the sun / heliotrope, heliograph, helium -homo- / of human / homicide, homunculus, -hydr- / water, of hydrogen / hydraulic, dehydrate, hydrotherapy, hydrocarbon, hydroxide -it-, -itiner- / journey, road / exit, itinerary, reiterate -jac-, -jec- / to throw / ejaculate, project, reject -jur- / to swear / jury, abjure, perjury, jurisdiction -lab-, -labor- / to work / laboratory, collaborate, laborious -leg- / law / legislature, legal, legitimate -leg-, -lect- / to choose / election, select, legible, eligible -lib- / book / library, libretto, libel -locu-, -log-, -loq- / to talk / elocution, monologue, soliloquy, eloquent -luc- / light / elucidate, lucid, translucent -magn- / big, great / magnum, magnanimous, magnify -man- / hand / manufacture, manuscript, manicure, emancipation -mar-, -mer- / sea, ocean / submarine, mermaid, marinology -mit-, -miss- / send / transmit, emit, transmission, emission, permit, permission -mon-, -monit- / to warn / admonish, premonition, monitor -morph- / form, structure / morphology, morpheme, anthropomorphism -mort-, -mori- / death / mortal, mortuary, moribund -nav- / ship / navy, navigation, naval -onym-, -nom- / name / synonym, pseudonym, nomenclature, nomination, misnomer -oper- / to work / operation, cooperate, opera -pac- / peace / pacify, pacifist, Pacific Ocean -pathy- / feeling / sympathy, antipathy, telepathy, empathy -pel- / to drive / compel, dispel, repel, propel -pet-, -petit- / to seek / petition, compete, appetite -phil- / love / Anglophile, hydrophilic, philosophy, philanthropist -phob- / hate, fear / claustrophobia, acrophobia, xenophobia -phon- / sound / telephone, microphone, phonology -pod-, -ped- / foot / tripod, pedestrian, centripetal -pon-, -pos- / position / postpone, position, preposition, positive -polis- / city / metropolis, Indianapolis -port- / carry / porter, portable, transport, exportation -pseudo- / false, sham / pseudonym, pseudo-science, pseudology, pseudomorph -psych- / mind / psychology, psychoanalysis, psywar -put-, -putat- / to trim, to calculate / amputate, compute, putative, reputation -que-, -qui- / to ask / question, query, request, inquisitive, prerequisite -rid-, -ris- / to laugh / ridiculous, risibility, derision -rog- / to ask / interrogate, prerogative, derogatory -rupt- / to break / rupture, interrupt, eruption, bankrupt -sci- / knowledge / science, omniscient, consciousness -scrib-, -script- / write / scribble, inscribe, description, prescription, manuscript, scripture -sed-, -sess- / to sit / session, sedentary, president, residence -sens-, -sent- / to think, to feel / sense, sensitive, sensation, resent, consent -sequ-, -secut- / follow / sequence, consequence, consecutive -sol-, -solut- / to loosen / solvent, solution, absolve, dissolute, absolute -son- / sound / subsonic, consonant, resonant, ultrasonic -spect- / look at / spectrum, inspection, circumspection, retrospection -spir- / breathe / spirit, aspiration, respiration -soph- / wise / philosophy, sophisticate, sophomore -tang-, -tact- / to touch / tangent, tangible, contact, contingent -tele- / far / television, telephone, telediagnosis, telex -temp- / mood / temper, temperament, temptation, contemptuous -tempor- / time / temporary, contemporary, extemporaneous, temporize -ten-, -tent- / to hold / tenable, tenacity, content, tenure -terr- / land, earth / territory, subterranean, extraterrestrial, Mediterranean, inter -theo-, -the- / god / theology, atheism, theory, pantheism -therm- / heat / thermos bottle, thermometer, geothermal energy -urb- / city / urban, suburban, urbane -urn- / day / diurnal, nocturnal, journal -ven-, -vent- / come / intervene, prevention, convention -ver- / true / verify, verily, verisimilar, veracious -via- / way / viaduct, deviation, trivial -vid-, -vis- / see / video, visualize, vision, vista -vinc-, -van- / conquer / victory, invincible, vanquish, vanity -voc-, -vok- / call / vocation, revoke, invoke, provoke -volv-, -volut- / to roll, to turn / evolve, revolve, convolution