信访制度英文

公民个人或群体以书信、电子邮件、走访、电话、传真、短信等多种参与形式与国家的政党、政府、社团、人大、司法、政协、社区、企事业单位负责信访工作的机构或人员接触，以反映情况，表达自身意见，请求解决问题，有关信访工作机构或人员采用一定的方式进行处理的一种制度。

中国政府的突出特点，是在大部分民众头上，从中央到乡镇共有五级党政政府（在农村地区有时还包括一级不是政府的政府，那就是村委会、村党支部），城市比农村少一级乡镇政府（直辖市再少一级──地市级），但又多一级“单位”。

上下级党政政府之间等级地位十分森严，各级政府都是下管一级，形成一个层层向下约束、层层向上负责的“金字塔”式的嵌套机制。这意味着，只能直接管到省、部级，即使是对比如某省某县的拆迁政策进行纠正，也要通过该省，而该省也须通过该县的上一级政府，即地市级党政政府来具体处理，比如将该县的党委书记和县长撤职。

这个制度逻辑，决定了上一级政府总会鼓励民众提起针对其下级政府的上访，但却不希望民众越过自己到自己的上级政府上访。针对下级政府的上访使得本级政府可以行使约束下级政府的权力，所以上访有时候会对上级政府“赋权”，赋予它管理下级政府的权力。

如果民众越过本级政府上访，却将使本级成为上级政府约束的对象，哪怕民众反映的是自己的下级政府，但在上级政府看来，该为此负责的却是本级政府。

这就形成了中国信访制度的一大特色：容许逐级上访，直至上访到中央政府，但反对越级上访。

When we read newspapers, we often come across the word pollution. This word was not familiar to the people some decades ago. But now, it is a serious threat to us because.it means the poisoning of the air, seas, rivers and lands, which would do harm to our health.There are many factories that bring pollution to us. We can not have fresh air in the morning. This is mainly because of the poisonous smoke coming from factories, especially chemical ones. In rivers, seas and oceans, there are industrial wastes. Some factories just throw their wastes into seas or let them flow into rivers. When people drink the water from such rivers, they get poisoned. Besides, there is rubbish from ships and when sometimes an accident occurs in an ocean, oil flows out from tankers.On land, the accumulation of rubbish in the streets may dirty the city and ruin our health. This is mainly due to the improper disposal of rubbish by people.