英语研究报告

答中学生如何说好口语 培养学生运用语言的能力是英语教学的最终目的。对于一个英语学习者来说，“说”与其它能力的提高和发展有着相辅相成的关系，它既是学习语音、语法、词汇、句型、课文的根本目的，也是培养阅读和写作能力的重要途径。在此，笔者就这一问题作一探讨。 一、引言 《全日制中学英语教学大纲（修订本）》指出：“中学英语教学的目的，是对学生进行听、说、读、写的基本训练，培养学生在口头上和书面上初步运用英语的能力，其中侧重培养阅读能力，为进一步学习和运用英语切实打好基础”。在大纲中多处强调教师要培养学生运用英语进行交际的能力，强调英语课是实践课。从大纲的要求中可以看出，在中学英语教学中有必要对学生“说”的能力加以培养。 二、中学生“说”的方面存在的障碍 首先，表现在“不敢说”，即不敢“开口”。何为“开口”？开口是中学生学习英语要过的第一关，也是最关键的一关。开口包括发音、拼读、朗读、基本句型操练和简单的问答。“开口难即学生想说但说不出来或说不明白，不知该从何说起，也就是其不能将思维直接转化为言语，不能做到”想说什么就说什么“。究其原因，一是学生的”怕羞“心理，怕”出洋相“，所以不敢说，不常说，就越怕说，从而造成恶性循环；二是缺少说的训练，回答问题很少用英语来表达。 其次，表现在“不愿说”。对于高年级学生来说，表现为年级越高越不爱说英语。究其原因，除了说的基础没有打好之外，随着教材难度的加深，句子结构渐渐复杂起来，语法知识也没有以前那么简单，再加上受旧教材的影响和高考的压力，考什么教师就教什么，把学生的注意力引到解题方面，很少甚至没有对学生进行“说”的训练。这种应试教学使学生主观上对“说”的重要性认识不够，觉得“不说”对其学好英语并无多大影响，于是自然就“不愿说”了。 第三，表现在“不会说”。即不知道如何“说”好英语，不能掌握“说”的规律和技巧。究其原因，除没有现成的“说”英语的氛围之外，由于我国大多数中学生在学习英语之前所掌握的惟一语言是母语，即汉语，他们用汉语思维，用汉语交际，汉语习惯根深蒂固，当要求他们说英语时，他们自然会用汉语习惯来表达自己，把“说”汉语的规律和技巧强加在“说”英语上，而忽略了英汉两种语言的文化差异和表达方式及习惯上的不同之处，如 there be 结构、定语从句的用法等，从而导致一说就有错。 三、如何培养学生“说”的能力 在英语教学实践中，对如何培养学生“说”的能力，笔者认为可以从教师和学生两方面来培养。 （一）就学生而言 1. 模仿、朗读、背诵 让学生从开始学习英语时就模仿，模仿的内容包括音标、单词、词组、对话、段落、文章等等，由简到繁，由易入难，其形式可以让学生跟着录音机念，一句一句地模仿，留意其语言、语调。通过模仿，学生能认识到英语是一种用来说的语言，模仿来的正确的语音、语调也为以后的开口打好了基础。 朗读是模仿后应进行的教学形式。朗读的内容与模仿的内容相同。模仿后，可以让学生在课内个别朗读或集体朗读，也可以让学生在课外（如早自修时）朗读。通过朗读，学生对所朗读的内容会有较深的印象，教师也能从中发现一些问题，如可以发现学生的语音、语调或意群停顿等不正确的地方，及时予以纠正。 “熟读唐诗三百首，不会写诗也会吟”，同样，英语教学中的“说”也是如此。经常性地让学生熟读和背诵一些基本句型和精彩的课文段落是很有必要的，这不仅有助于学生理解这些内容，而且能形成长久记忆。这样，在要求学生“说”的时候，这些储存信息就会自然而然地被调出来，一些基本的句子模式学生只要套出即可，就不会觉得有“开不了口”的困难了。 2. 对话、问答 对话可以是最基本的日常会话、句型操练，也可以是为了达到一定的目的而需要做的引导提示的内容。据其内容，对话形式可分两种。一种是在学生与老师之间进行的“师生对话”。这样的对话常有一定的目的，或作对话示范，或为强化某一句型结构的用法而进行的操练，这时假如有必要的话，老师可以作一定的提示，提出诸如 who， what， when， where， why， how 等形式的问题，或把对话时使用的某些词句写在黑板上。例如教师刚讲授了“ have / has been ”的用法，就可以和学生进行对话，让学生使用这一用法。如： T： I have been to Hangzhou. Have you ben there？ S： Yes， I have. T： He has been there， too. I haven't been to Beijing. Have you been to Beijing？ S： No， I haven't. T： Where else have you been？ S： I have been to Nanjing and Guilin. 另一种是在学生之间进行的“学生对话”。如可以让学生分角色个别或小组朗读句型中现成的对话，教师也可根据课文中的句型创设一定的情景，让学生自由对话。如： Make a short dialogue with the following patterns according to the given situation. （ 1 ） I advise you to do / not to do … （ 2 ） You'd better do / not do … （ 3 ） I suggest （ that ） you （ should ） do / I suggest your doing … （ 4 ） Why not do … （ 5 ） Why don't you do … （ 6 ） How about / What about doing … Situation： You can't sleep well. Your classmate gives you the following. Advice： don't worry / not to stay up too late / not to drink tea or coffee before you go to bed / drink some milk， etc. 问答即一问一答，无论是怎样的问题，答法只有两种：一是用“ Yes ”或“ No ”即可；二是需要有具体的内容。一般的问答实际上是对话的一种形式，我们在这里要谈的回答形式是听一段文章回答有关问题。教师可以选定一篇有趣味性的文章，先让学生听短文，然后根据短文回答提出的问题，提问应有层次，要根据学生水平做到难易结合、灵活多变，这样才有利于活跃学生思维，激发学生学习英语的兴趣。 3. 复述、看图说话、自由发挥 复述即听或读一则材料后让学生用自己的话说出原文大意。最基本的复述应从让学生改变原文中的人称，把直接引语改为间接引语开始；进一步的复述是提供原文的关键词和主要句型结构让学生复述；最后的目的是让学生完全可以用自己的话来复述。 看图说话尽管是一种要求较高的说话形式，它要求达意流畅、准确，但是它也是一种极好的训练说话的方式。在训练看图说话时，同样可以提供一些有助于学生理解图画、表达意境的关键词句，提醒学生注意时态、人称和数的变化，并鼓励学生能说多少就说多少。 自由发挥适合高年级学生使用，其方法是指定一个话题，让学生自己选材，自由表达自己的见解、想法和感受。 4. 长久坚持，使之成为一种习惯。需要指出的是，培养学生“说”的能力并非“三天打鱼，两天晒网”所能做到的，教师和学生都需要有持之以恒的决心和毅力，从初一到高三始终坚持，方能有所成就。 （二）就教师而言 1. 激发学生兴趣。可以说，兴趣是学生学习的动力，有了兴趣，学生就会从心底里愿意学，而不是为了某种任务硬着头皮去学。为培养学生“说”的兴趣，笔者认为教师可以从以下几点做起：（ 1 ）因材施教。即给不同年级、不同水平的学生提出不同的要求。如要求低年级的学生多熟读、背诵，高年级的学生多复述、讨论、自由发言等等。要求说的能力相对弱的学生回答稍简单的、表面化的问题，说的能力相对强的学生回答稍难的问题。（ 2 ）设计多种说话机会，运用多种教学形式。教师可以要求学生进行五分钟轮流演讲，在课内讲故事、做游戏，在课外设立英语角，开展英语口语竞赛等。这里介绍一个笔者常做的游戏：在课堂上要求学生进行单词接龙，接不上的同学必须谈谈课前布置的话题，当然这些话题应尽量是学生感兴趣的或与课文内容及学生生活有关的。（ 3 ）多鼓励学生。如学生在说的过程中犯了语法错误，不要立即纠错；学生说得不够流利时，应该及时予以提示；对说得较好的学生要多多表扬，多说几个“ good ”，这样做有助于使差生消除怕羞心理，建立自信心；有助于成绩较好的学生树立自豪感，从而对“说”产生更大的兴趣。 2. 练好基本功，用英语组织课堂教学。提高学生“说”的能力，教师自己得有好的说话能力。试想一个自己都说不好英语的教师，怎么能要求学生去说好呢？所以要求学生做到的，教师应先做到，要求学生做好的，教师应先做好，教师应不断进取、刻苦钻研，努力提高自身的口语水平。另外，教师要力求用流利、准确的口语组织课堂教学，这样既能创造英语氛围，使学生置身于直接用英语进行交际的环境中，从而潜移默化地鼓励学生去说，又能使学生掌握最基本的口语。再则，笔者认为教师口语应根据学生水平常换常新。如： Expressions used to dismiss the class： There's the bell for dismissal. We'll continue our class after the break. It's time for break. Let's take a break. Let's stop here today. We'll leave off here today. That's all for today. Shall we call it a day？ With that， we conclude our class today. Time is up. Class is over. The lesson is over. Class is dismissed. 由上面大家可以看到，“下课”的表达法有多种，所以教师可以在不同阶段根据学生实际情况教给学生以不同的“下课”表达法，让学生体会到语言的丰富多彩，并有兴趣地学着说，从而不断提高口语水平。 中学英语教学中学生“说”的能力的培养给教师的教和学生的学分别提出了严格的要求，教和学密切配合，相互促进，长久坚持，定能使模仿力极强的中学生能开口说，并能说好。

英语中的时态用法比较研究在英语中, 时态是英语语法中的难点之一，它种类多，容易混淆，下面笔者通过几种时态比较, 帮助英语学习者理解和掌握时态的用法。现在一般时与现在完成时 现在一般时与现在进行时现在完成时与过去一般时 过去完成时与过去一般时过去进行时与过去一般时 将来一般时与现在进行时现在一般时与过去一般式 现在完成时与现在完成进行时钱塘个人空间现在一般时与过去完成时 钱塘个人空间现在一般时与现在完成时钱塘个人空间1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）2) You read very well. (强调能力）You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）钱塘个人空间mNw9r{.r;p7w3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）钱塘个人空间 L9MT5A$Cy4z5q$E4x4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）钱塘个人空间 5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every time I have seen him, he's been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行）6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间）7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时）钱塘个人空间He won't come till the play has begun.（戏已开始） 8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）钱塘个人空间After I have left school, I'll go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔） It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪）2. 现在一般时与现在进行时 He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）4I7w'pU Jv%we?e0The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）Y9c}h4rz05) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大）You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变）The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改变）钱塘个人空间9tY#Y'V#M2cZ|I2}7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）8)Tom goes to college now.Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你）I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转）}6UNQ B9T0k!c012) What do you say? What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果） I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)14) He always thinks of others.He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)I hope you'll give us some advice.I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了)18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)3. 现在完成时与过去一般时1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。） 6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）8) He has been called a thinker.He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）09) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了）You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）[11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪）He was already there.（当时在哪）12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了）13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）~HTy)U iE;c0Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意） 过去完成时与过去一般时1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔)I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)q2) I waited till I saw him.I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次)I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵)Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实) Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友)They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了)钱塘个人空间iGz:[!Cg8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)r#ofsde-F5y(x0I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了)10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确)I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完)12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)钱塘个人空间UC }.k#vB0uMI have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时)5. 过去进行时与过去一般时1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了)John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服)They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实)The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了)钱塘个人空间V H }}9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)6. 将来一般时与现在进行时1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)How long will you stay here?(表示打算)3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)7. 现在一般时与过去一般式Do u youwi sh to see me?Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些)That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)How did you like the film?(看完电影后)4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)5) I never like him. (没时间性)I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)07) Who is that? (哪人还在)Who was that?(人已不在场了)8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)r!iCQ4f*h0Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)2) I've read the novel.(已读完)I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)3) He has lived here for six weeks.He has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)4) Have you met her lately?Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)05) Who's eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)9.现在一般时与过去完成时钱塘个人空间 1) I hope that he'll come.I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)

一、 一般现在时： 1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words. 二、 一般过去时： 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didn't know you were so busy. 三、 现在进行时： 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons. 四、 过去进行时： 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构：was/were+doing 4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 五、 现在完成时： 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +d one. 5.一般疑问句：have或has。 6.例句：I've written an article. It has been raining these days. 六、 过去完成时： 1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc. 3.基本结构：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 七、 一般将来时： 1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. 4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 八、 过去将来时： 1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . 几种常见时态的相互转换 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式： 一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换 “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看： We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.