用英语来介绍黄豆

大米Rice refers to two species (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) of grass, native to tropical and subtropical southern & southeastern Asia and to Africa, which together provide more than one fifth of the calories consumed by humans[1]. (The term "wild rice" can refer to wild species of Oryza, but conventionally refers to species of the related genus Zizania, both wild and domesticated.) Rice is an annual plant, growing to 1–1.8 m tall, occasionally more, with long slender leaves 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30–50 cm long. The seed is a grain (caryopsis) 5–12 mm long and 2–3 mm thick.玉米Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), also known as corn, is a cereal grain that was domesticated in Mesoamerica. It spread to the rest of the world after European contact with the Americas in the late 15th century and early 16th century. It is called corn in the United States, English Canada (in French Canada it is called maïs), New Zealand, and Australia, but in other countries that term may refer to other cereal grains. It is called mealies in southern Africa. Hybrid maize is favored by farmers over conventional varieties for its high grain yield, due to heterosis ("hybrid vigor"). Maize is one of the first crops for which genetically modified varieties make up a significant proportion of the total harvest.While some maize varieties grow 7 m (23 ft) tall at certain locations, commercial maize has been bred for a height of 2.5 m (9 ft). Sweetcorn is usually shorter than field-corn varieties.大豆The Soybean (U.S.) or Soya bean (UK) (Glycine max) is a species of legume, native to eastern Asia. It is an annual plant, which may vary in growth habit and height. It may grow prostrate, not growing above 20 cm (7.8 inches); up to stiffly erect plants growing to 2 meters (6.5 feet). The pods, stems, and leaves are covered with fine brown or gray pubescence. The leaves are trifoliate (sometimes with 5 leaflets), the leaflets 6-15 cm (2-6 inches) long and 2-7 cm (1-3 inches) broad; they fall before the seeds are mature. The small, inconspicuous, self-fertile flowers are borne in the axil of the leaf and are either white or purple; The fruit is a hairy pod that grow in clusters of 3-5, with each pod 3-8 cm (1-3 inches) long and usually containing 2-4 (rarely more) seeds 5-11 mm in diameter.Like corn and some other crops of long domestication, the relationship of the modern soybean to wild-growing species can no longer be traced with any degree of certainty. It is a cultural variety (a cultigen) with a very large number of cultivars. However, it is known that the progenitor of the modern soybean was a vine-like plant, that grew prone on the ground.Beans are classed as pulses whereas soybeans are classed as oilseeds. The word soy is derived from the Japanese word shoyu (soy sauce/soya sauce).花生The peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the legume family Fabaceae native to South America. It is an annual herbaceous plant growing to 30 to 50 cm (one to one and a half feet) tall.The leaves are alternate, pinnate with four leaflets (two opposite pairs; no terminal leaflet), each leaflet 1 to 7 cm (1/3 to 2.75 inches) long and 1 to 3 cm (1/3 to 1 inch) broad. The flowers are a typical peaflower in shape, 2 to 4 cm (3/4 to one and a half inches) across, yellow with reddish veining. After pollination, the fruit develops into a legume 3 to 7 cm (1 to 2 inches) long containing 2 to 3 (rarely 1 or 4) seeds, which forces its way underground to mature.Although a nut in the culinary sense, in the botanical sense the fruit of the peanut is a woody, indehiscent legume or pod and not technically a nut.Peanuts are also known as earthnuts, goobers, goober peas, pindas, jack nuts, pinders, manila nuts and monkey nuts (the last of these is often used to mean the entire pod, not just the seeds).红豆The Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of several species of the widely cultivated genus Vigna. Four cultivated subspecies are recognised:Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica Catjang Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana Black-eyed pea Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis Yardlong bean Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata Southern pea Cowpea is one of the most important food legume crops in the semi-arid tropics covering Asia, Africa, southern Europe and Central and South America. A drought tolerant and warm weather crop, cowpea is well-adapted to the drier regions of the tropics, where other food legumes do not perform well. It also has the useful ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through its nodules, and it grows well in poor soils with more than 85% sand and with less than 0.2% organic matter and low levels of phosphorus. In addition, it is shade tolerant, and therefore, compatible as an intercrop with maize, millet, sorghum, sugarcane, and cotton. This makes cowpea an important component of traditional intercropping systems, especially in the complex and elegant subsistence farming systems of the dry savannas in sub-Saharan Africa (Blade, 2005).The cowpea is a common food item in the southern United States, where it is sometimes called crowder pea.绿豆Mung beans are commonly used in Chinese cuisine, where they are called lǜ dòu (绿豆), or kacang hijau in Malay (both words literally mean "green bean"). Germinated mung bean sprouts (usually sold simply as "bean sprouts," known as taugeh in Malay or 芽菜 yá cài in Chinese) are stir fried (usually with ingredients such as garlic, ginger, spring onions or salted fish pieces to add taste) as a vegetable accompaniment to a meal. Uncooked bean sprouts are used in filling for Vietnamese spring rolls. Mung beans are also used to make a sweet soup, served either warm, or chilled. In Korea, slightly cooked mung bean sprouts (called sukjunamul (hangul: 숙주나물)) are often served as a side dish . They are put in boiling water for less than a minute, immediately cooled down in cold water, and mixed with sesame oil, garlic and salt (and often with some other ingredients).Mung bean sprouts are the major bean sprouts in most Asian countries. In Korea, soybean sprouts (kongnamul (hangul:콩나물)) are more widely used, in a variety of dishes.In several Asian countries, mung bean ice cream and frozen ice lollipops are popular desserts. Mung beans are ground to make transparent cellophane noodles (also known as bean thread noodles, bean threads, glass noodles, fen si, or tung hoon). Glass noodles become soft and slippery when they are soaked in hot water. Mung beans are a major ingredient in a variety of Malaysian dishes including char kway teow, hokkien mee, mee rebus, and pasembor. In Korea, a jelly called nokdumuk (hangul: 녹두묵; also called cheongpomuk; hangul: 청포묵) is made from mung bean starch; a similar jelly, which is colored yellow with the addition of gardenia coloring, is called hwangpomuk (hangul: 황포묵; hanja: 黄포묵).Mung beans in Indian cuisine are stripped of their outer coats to make mung dal. Mung beans are widely consumed by Keralites along with kanji (rice gruel).Mung beans are also made into a popular Indonesian dessert snack called es kacang hijau. The beans are cooked with sugar, coconut milk, and a little ginger. The dish is something that looks like a porridge.

简介 栽培大豆学名为Giycine max(L)Merrill，别名：黄豆(包括青豆、黑豆、紫豆和斑茶豆等)。起源于中国，这是世界各国学者所公认的。Herbert在《美国大百科全书》中指出：“中国古文献认为，在有文献记载以前，大豆便因营养值高而被广泛地栽培。同时在公元前2000年大豆便被看作是最重要的豆科植物”。Cuzin在《苏联大百科全书》“大豆”条目中写道：“栽培大豆起源于中国，中国在5000年前就开始栽培植物。并由中国向南部及东南亚各国传播，以后于18世纪到欧洲。”Vailov主张栽培植物的起源中心论，认为：“大豆原产于中国，是中国起源中心的栽培植物。”Morse在考察大豆的古代历史时说：“有关这种植物的最早文字记栽是在《本草纲目》里，书里记载了神农氏在公元前2838年描述中国耕种这种作物的情况。在以后的记载里也反复提到了大豆，而且被当作最重要的豆科栽培作物，也是五谷(水稻、大豆、小麦、大麦、粟——中国文明社会赖以生存所必需的食物)之一。”Hymowitz认为“大豆于公无前11世纪左右首先出现于中国华北的东部。中国东北很可能是第二个大豆的基因中心(多样性中心)，而且在这个地区，野生大豆(G.soja)与栽培大豆(G.max)有最大的机会进行混杂和杂交，从而产生了半野生大豆（G.gracilis)。”Fukuda认为，中国东北是大豆起源中心。他的根据：一是半野生大豆在中国东北分布极广，而在中国其他地方则不多见；二是中国东北地区的大豆品种很多；三是这些品种中有很多明显地具有原始性状。Nagata提出，大豆起源于中国，大概在中国北部和中部地区。他根据野生大豆的分布，确立了他的结论，认为野生大豆是栽培大豆的祖先。 我国学者对栽培大豆的起源有不同的看法。吕世霖(1977)认为，远自商代(公元前1800年前102年)中国即开始栽培大豆。马育华和张戡(1983)认为，大豆起源并驯化于中国。中国栽培大豆已有5000年以上的历史。大豆是中国最古老的作物之一。关于起源地点，1974年王金陵、孟庆嘉、祝其昌，在分析了中国南至湖南衡阳，北至黑龙江北部的野生大豆的光周期特性后，发现长江流域及其以南地区的野生大豆，在原始性状短光照性方面最强。因而认为，我国长江流域及江南地区应是大豆起源的中心。这个地区的大豆，因短光照性较弱的早熟性变异，大豆的品种类型和变异，而且农业历史又极悠久，因此，北方地区的大豆，也可能是从当地野生大豆经定向选择而来的。这样，大豆在我国的起源地便是多中心了。吕世霖(1977)认为，大豆在我国的起源是多中心的。根据有二：一是我国南北各地，均有文化发达较早并有关于种植大豆文字记载的地区；二是野生大豆普遍存在，而各地的野生大豆的短日程度不同，栽培大豆的短日照性差异又很大，这恰好说明起源是多中心的。许占友(1999)等通过SSR标记研究表明，山西省是大豆的起源中心之一。

大米big rice 玉米yu rice大豆big bean花生flower born红豆red bean绿豆green bean