英文简化

从句的简化在讨论完三大从句和三种非谓语动词形式之后，我们现在把从句和非谓语二者结合起来，来研究他们之间存在的内在练习，这就是从句的简化，即把结构复杂的从句简化为精炼的非谓语形式。 一、名词性从句的简化： 逻辑思路：英文中只有V.-ing和不定式具有名词特征，可以当成名词用。所以属于名词类的名词从句自然是简化成两种形式：一是简化成V-ing；二是简化成不定式。 1.名词从句与V.-ing 由that引导的名词从句一般换成v.-ing来表达，通常采用v.-ing复合结构的形式。 1）that引导的主语从句 直接有v.-ing复合结构来替换主语从句，放在句首做主语。 a. It surprised us that John won the marathon. b.That John won the marathon surprised us. c. John’s winning the marathon surprised us. d. That he lost the game came as a surprise to everybody. e. His losing the game came as a surprise to everybody.2)that 引导的同位语从句 简化同位语从句，先要在同位语从句所修饰的名词后边加上介词，通常是of来表示同位关系，然后把从句换成V.-ING的复合结构。 a.There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive. Davy不可能从战场上生还。 b. There was no chance of Davy coming from the battle alive. c. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that assertion that economic recovery would be just around the corner was untrue. 任何人只要稍稍看一眼目前的失业率就能知道，有关经济复苏即将到来的断言是不符合事实的。 d. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue. e. We wre greatly encouraged by the news that China had lauched another man-made satellite. f. We were greatly encouraged by the news of China having lauched another man-made satellite.3)that 引导的宾语从句的简化： 宾语从句的简化比较复杂，可转换成不定式或V.-ing，这与主句谓语动词用法密切相关。例如： a.I hope that I can drive to work in my own car. 我希望我能自己开车去上班。 b. I hope to drive to work in my own car. c. I consider that I will emigrate to America in the future. d. I consider emigrating to America in the future. 有的动词后面还要接介词，例如 e. Jane’s mother insisted that she should go swimming with her brother. f. Jane’s mother insisted on her going swimming with her brother. 综上所述，宾语从句是简化成V.-ING还是不定式，完全取决于主句谓语动词。因此，要求我们对动词的用法比较熟悉。在前面我们已经列举过接V.-ING或不定式做宾语的动词。 2. 名词从句与不定式 能简化成不定式的名词从句一般有两个共同的特征： 1）名词从句谓语往往含有情态意义，多见的是should或can/could。 2）通常是连接代词、连接副词以及whether引导的名词从句。 a. I don’t know what I should do . b. I don’t know what to do . c. Please tell me how I can get to the bus station. d. Please tell me how to get to the bus station. e. She can’t decide whether she should go with him or stay home. f. She can’t decide whether to go with him or stay home. g. I haven’t decided whether I should vote for him. h. I haven’t decided whether to vote for him.二、定语从句的简化 定语从句的简化就是把从句简化为短语 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，如： That man that I saw at the party is my teacher. that作saw的宾语，此时，我们可以把that省去。但无法把从句简化成短语形式。 所以定语从句的简化只是关系词在从句中做主语的情况，我们才能简化为短语。1. 从句中含有be动词 如果定语从句中含有be动词的形式，我们只需要把关系词和be动词省去即可简化成短语，往往是v.-ing(主动)和过去分词（被动），或者也可以是形容词短语。例如：2. 从句中没有be动词 如果定语从句中没有be动词的形式，我们则可把从句主语（即关系代词）省去并且把动词变成V.-ING形式。3. 用不定式替换定语从句 上面讨论的1、2两点主要是将定语从句替换承分词的形式，这是因为分词具备形容词的功能，主要是用来做定语。而不定式也可以当做形容词来用，在句中做定语。英文中规定，被the only, the last, the next, 序数词，最高级形容词修饰的名词，其后所接的定语从句往往要用不定式来替换。 三、状语从句的简化 只有当状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，才能把状语从句换成短语。否则，会引起句意变化。例如： While the teacher was leturing to the class, I fell asleep. 在老师讲课时，我睡着了。 若改成：While lecturing to the class, I fell asleep. 则意思是“当我在给这个班上课时，我睡着了。”这样显然意思不妥。 1. 从句中含有be动词 如果状语从句中含有be动词的形式，我们只需要把从句的主语和be动词省去，即简化成短语。往往是分词短语（v.-ing和过去分词），或者也可以是形容词短语和名词短语。这种省略主要常见于时间、地点、条件及让步状语从句中。 例如： a. Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled. (两个when后省略they are) 金属具有热胀冷缩的特性。 b. When a student in the university, he read a lot. (when后省略了he was) c. While(he was) waiting, he took out a magazine to read. d. A tiger can’t be tamed unless (it is) caught very young.2. 从句没有be动词 如果状语从句没有be动词的形式，我们则可把从句主语省去并且把动词变成V.-ING