李小姐梦游记
傻傻子(1) th, speeds up the adjustment industrial structure one to have to industrialize with informationization developing simultaneously, strengthens the international competitive power in the opening, according to joins WTO and the international economy situation request, our country new turn industrial structure promotes not not impossibly to implement the gradient promotion pattern, but should implement the cross gradient promotion pattern.The industrial structure adjustment core is enhances our country industry the international competitive power, we while display the national resources talent comparison superiority, will improve the day after tomorrow factor vigorously, including the creation effectiveness market environment, the investment environment, will form the accumulation benefit, will urge the capital, the technology and the professional is mobile to our country, will make up the resources talent aspect the inferiority.Simultaneously attracts the multinational corporation to come China vigorously to invest, participates in its international division of labor, the link division of labor positively, many uses the global resources as far as possible, the enhancement “the native place” each kind of type enterprise's competitive power.Two wants “to yield” and “takes place” the reform also to carry on, speeds up the government management organizational reform step. “Yields” is “yields” in the market, and builds effectiveness diligently the market environment.“Takes place” is “takes place” in the public management, the enhancement social security system construction and public product supplies ability, establishes the effective macroscopic system of economic management and the highly effective administration system.Three wants the whole dynamic angle to look, then is decided by this country industrial structure evolution and the optimized process.Therefore, on the one hand we should use join WTO the opportunity and the West are experiencing the condition which the new turn industrial structure promotes, further increases to the developed country labor-intensive form product as well as other has the comparison superiority product exportation, and absorbs the industry which more developed countries transmit, the alleviation employment pressure, the promotion economy growth; On the other hand, we must seek our country latent comparison superiority industry in the opening the development, uses the domestic and foreign funds, the technology and the talented person, and promotes own on own initiative through each suitable industrial promotion policy method industrial structure, the creation dynamic comparison superiority, changes our country's in international division of labor status. (2) th, deepening economic restructuring this act significance and the goal lie in, reduce China and the West market economy country system difference.Because this kind of difference reduction causes the trust degree to increase, thus reduces US to the Chinese exportation technology product control area, this kind of control area reduction has two aspect significances: One was China obtained the capital intensity product and the technology-intensive product which in the economical development needed; Two, slows down and eliminates China to the American trade favorable balance of trade, causes the Chinese and American trade realization balance, thus causes the Chinese and American trade to realize the healthy development in the balance between imports and exports foundation. (3) th, thorough and comprehensive understands the American way in order to maintain own benefit, China must learn to stand in American's angle knew and pondered between China and America's question, and proposes corresponding to the beautiful trade policy and the operation skill.The question to US which through this kind of understanding progression, may avoid in which associating in the process neutral processing trade dispute process implements above does not act appropriately to the situation.Causes to the beautiful trade policy and the countermeasure has pointed and the validity. American government should pay attention to the initiative enhancement to exchange and to understand that, needs to establish one kind of routinization the exchange, the consultation mechanism, solves the bilateral misunderstanding and the difference.Between government's mutual exchange and the trust, may remove so-called factors to a great extent and so on national security, military strategy to the Chinese and American trade normal intercourse disturbance.In addition, between government's establishment mechanism exchange channel, also is helpful in increases US to the China market economy movement condition understanding, increases China and America about the trade statistics coordination, these all can for solve China properly “the non-market economy” the national status question and the Chinese and American trade not balanced question lays the foundation. (4) th, further the familiar World Trade Organization conflict solves the mechanism. When has the trade conflict, fully solves the mechanism using the trade conflict, strives for consults the way solution conflict, but like has the necessity also to be possible positively to solve the organization appeal to the World Trade Organization conflict.Establishes counter-dumping, the counter-subsidy, the counter-safeguard measure and so on the early warning mechanism, reduces the exportation enterprise to meet the trade friction the risk.Fifth, People's Bank of China and the Federal Reserve must strengthen cooperate and communicate, perfect Renminbi exchange rate system, definite Renminbi currency value reasonable level.
紫晨郡主
(1)th, speeds up the adjustment industrial structure One must industrialize with the information develops simultaneously,strengthens the international competition strength in the opening,according to joins WTO and the international economy situationrequest, our country new turn of industrial structure promotes isimpossible to implement the gradient promotion pattern, but shouldimplement the cross gradient promotion pattern. The industrialstructure adjustment core is enhances our country industry theinternational competition strength, we while display the nationalresources to report bestows on the comparison superiority, vigorouslywill improve the day after tomorrow factor, including the creationeffectiveness market environment, the investment environment, willform gathers the benefit, will urge the capital, the technology andthe specialized talented person flows to our country, will make up theresources to report will bestow on the aspect the inferiority.Simultaneously vigorously attracts the multinational corporation tocome China to invest, the positive senate if the internationaldivision of labor, the link division of labor, many uses the globalresources as far as possible, the enhancement "the native place" eachkind of type enterprise's competitive ability. Two wants "to yield"and "takes place" the reform also to carry on, speeds up thegovernment management organizational reform step. "Yields" is "yields"to the market, and diligently builds effectiveness the marketenvironment. "Takes place" is "takes place" to the public management,strengthens the social security system construction and the publicproduct supplies ability, establishes the effective macroscopic systemof economic management and the highly effective administration system.Three wants the whole dynamic angle to look, then is decided by thiscountry industrial structure evolution and the optimized process.Therefore, we on the one hand should use join WTO the opportunity andthe west are experiencing the condition which the new turn ofindustrial structure promotes, further increases to the developedcountry labor-intensive product and all that has the comparisonsuperiority product the exportation, and absorbs the industry whichmore developed countries transmits, alleviates the employmentpressure, the promotion economy growth; On the other hand, we mustseek our country latent comparison superiority industry in the openingthe development, uses the domestic and foreign funds, the technologyand the talented person, and the industrial promotion policy methodwhich is suitable through each kind promotes own on own initiativeindustrial structure, the creation dynamic comparison superiority,changes our country in international division of labor status. (2)th, deepening economic restructuring This act significance and the goal lie in, reduces China and the westmarket economy country system difference. Because this kind ofdifference reduces causes the trust degree to increase, thus reducesUS to the Chinese exportation technology product control area, thiskind of control area reduces has two aspects the significances: Onewas China obtained the capital crowded product and thetechnology-intensive product which in the economical developmentneeded; Two, slows down and eliminates China to the American tradefavorable balance of trade, causes the Chinese and American traderealization balance, thus causes the Chinese and American trade torealize the health development in the balance between imports andexports foundation.(3)th, thorough and comprehensive understands the American way In order to maintain own benefit, China must learn to stand inAmerican's angle knew and pondered between Chinese and American thequestion, and proposes corresponding to the beautiful trade policy andthe operation skill. The question to US which through this kind ofunderstanding progression, may avoid in which associating in theprocess and in the processing trade dispute process implements abovedoes not act appropriately to the situation. Causes to the beautifultrade policy and the countermeasure has pointed and the validity. Center American government should pay attention strengthens theexchange and the understanding on own initiative, needs to establishone kind of convention exchange, the consultation mechanism, solvesthe bilateral misunderstanding and the difference. Betweengovernment's mutual exchange and the trust, may remove so-calledfactor and so on national security, military strategy in the verygreat degree to the Chinese and American trade normal intercoursedisturbance. In addition, between government's establishment mechanismexchange channel, also is helpful to increases US to the China marketeconomy movement condition understanding, increases China and Americaabout the trade statistics coordination, these all can for properlysolve China "the non- market economy" the national status question andthe Chinese and American trade not balanced question lays thefoundation.(4)th, further the familiar World Trade Organization conflict solvesthe mechanism.When has the trade conflict, fully solves the mechanism using thetrade conflict, strives for consults the way solution conflict, butlike has the necessity also to be possible positively to solve theorganization appeal to the World Trade Organization conflict. Theestablishment instead dumps, the counter- subsidy, the counter-safeguard measure and so on the early warning mechanism, reduces theexportation enterprise to meet the trade friction the risk. Fifth, thePeople's Bank of China and Federal Reserve must strengthen thecooperation and the communication, perfect Renminbi exchange ratesystem, definite Renminbi currency value reasonable level.可能有些翻译的不是特别准确~```希望能帮到你!
夏初哥哥
在反规避调查,似乎明智的去除情况,为了得到一个豁免注册或延长关税的,生产者的产品关注不应与任何生产商主题到原来的措施。这是因为经验表明,有时生产者的产品担心被发现不从事规避实践但发现相关生产商受到原来的措施。在这种情况下,生产者不应该拒绝一项豁免仅仅理由是,该公司是一个涉及到生产者受原来的措施。同样,当规避实践发生在联盟,事实上进口商与生产者受措施不应是决定性的在决定是否可以获得免税进口。
虎虎生威2015
(1) th, speeds up the adjustment industrial structure one to have to industrialize with informationization developing simultaneously, strengthens the international competitive power in the opening, according to joins WTO and the international economy situation request, our country new turn industrial structure promotes not not impossibly to implement the gradient promotion pattern, but should implement the cross gradient promotion pattern.The industrial structure adjustment core is enhances our country industry the international competitive power, we while display the national resources talent comparison superiority, will improve the day after tomorrow factor vigorously, including the creation effectiveness market environment, the investment environment, will form the accumulation benefit, will urge the capital, the technology and the professional is mobile to our country, will make up the resources talent aspect the inferiority.Simultaneously attracts the multinational corporation to come China vigorously to invest, participates in its international division of labor, the link division of labor positively, many uses the global resources as far as possible, the enhancement “the native place” each kind of type enterprise's competitive power.Two wants “to yield” and “takes place” the reform also to carry on, speeds up the government management organizational reform step. “Yields” is “yields” in the market, and builds effectiveness diligently the market environment.“Takes place” is “takes place” in the public management, the enhancement social security system construction and public product supplies ability, establishes the effective macroscopic system of economic management and the highly effective administration system.Three wants the whole dynamic angle to look, then is decided by this country industrial structure evolution and the optimized process.Therefore, on the one hand we should use join WTO the opportunity and the West are experiencing the condition which the new turn industrial structure promotes, further increases to the developed country labor-intensive form product as well as other has the comparison superiority product exportation, and absorbs the industry which more developed countries transmit, the alleviation employment pressure, the promotion economy growth; On the other hand, we must seek our country latent comparison superiority industry in the opening the development, uses the domestic and foreign funds, the technology and the talented person, and promotes own on own initiative through each suitable industrial promotion policy method industrial structure, the creation dynamic comparison superiority, changes our country's in international division of labor status. (2) th, deepening economic restructuring this act significance and the goal lie in, reduce China and the West market economy country system difference.Because this kind of difference reduction causes the trust degree to increase, thus reduces US to the Chinese exportation technology product control area, this kind of control area reduction has two aspect significances: One was China obtained the capital intensity product and the technology-intensive product which in the economical development needed; Two, slows down and eliminates China to the American trade favorable balance of trade, causes the Chinese and American trade realization balance, thus causes the Chinese and American trade to realize the healthy development in the balance between imports and exports foundation. (3) th, thorough and comprehensive understands the American way in order to maintain own benefit, China must learn to stand in American's angle knew and pondered between China and America's question, and proposes corresponding to the beautiful trade policy and the operation skill.The question to US which through this kind of understanding progression, may avoid in which associating in the process neutral processing trade dispute process implements above does not act appropriately to the situation.Causes to the beautiful trade policy and the countermeasure has pointed and the validity. American government should pay attention to the initiative enhancement to exchange and to understand that, needs to establish one kind of routinization the exchange, the consultation mechanism, solves the bilateral misunderstanding and the difference.Between government's mutual exchange and the trust, may remove so-called factors to a great extent and so on national security, military strategy to the Chinese and American trade normal intercourse disturbance.In addition, between government's establishment mechanism exchange channel, also is helpful in increases US to the China market economy movement condition understanding, increases China and America about the trade statistics coordination, these all can for solve China properly “the non-market economy” the national status question and the Chinese and American trade not balanced question lays the foundation. (4) th, further the familiar World Trade Organization conflict solves the mechanism. When has the trade conflict, fully solves the mechanism using the trade conflict, strives for consults the way solution conflict, but like has the necessity also to be possible positively to solve the organization appeal to the World Trade Organization conflict.Establishes counter-dumping, the counter-subsidy, the counter-safeguard measure and so on the early warning mechanism, reduces the exportation enterprise to meet the trade friction the risk.Fifth, People's Bank of China and the Federal Reserve must strengthen cooperate and communicate, perfect Renminbi exchange rate system, definite Renminbi currency value reasonable level.
大宝儿0619
In anti-circumvention investigations, it seems advisable to remove the conditionthat, in order to be granted an exemption from registration or extended duties,producers of the product concerned should not be related to any producer subjectto the original measures. This is because experience shows that sometimesproducers of the product concerned are found not to be engaged in circumventionpractices but are found to be related to a producer subject to the original measures.In such cases the producer should not be denied an exemption merely on thegrounds that the company is related to a producer subject to the original measures.Also, when the circumvention practice takes place in the Union, the fact thatimporters are related to producers subject to the measures should not be decisivein determining whether the importer may be granted an exemption. 在反规避调查里,为了取得注册的豁免或延长关税的期限,似乎最明智的是把条件去除,生产商的产品关注不应与任何生产商受到原来的措施规限有关。这是因为经验告诉我们,有时生产商的产品关注被发现并没有规避行为。却是被发现相关的生产商乃受到原来的措施所限制。在这种情况下,生产商不应该被拒绝豁免仅由於其受到原来的措施所制约。同时,当规避是在联盟里进行的话,其实受措施限制与生产商有相关的进口商不应作为决定性是否可以获得豁免进口税的考虑。 以上是最准确到位的翻译,希望会令你满意采纳,谢谢。
听雨9014
WTO《反倾销协定》“不归因”问题研究在国际反倾销调查中,在确定进口产品存在倾销、且国内产业遭受WTO《反倾销协定》意义上的损害后,倾销与损害之间因果关系的认定即成为作出肯定性裁决和实施反倾销措施的关键。而因果关系认定是整个反倾销调查中的难点,在这次多哈回合中,也成为反倾销规则修改领域争论最激烈的争点之一。它涉及的相关法条为WTO《关于实施1994年关税与贸易总协定第6条的协定》(以下称《反倾销协定》)第3.2、3.3、3.4和3.5条等,并在欧共体管道配件案、泰国H型钢材案以及美国热轧钢案中存在专家组或者上诉机构作出的关于相关法条的司法解释。WTO裁定虽非判例传统,法条解释却有重大借鉴意义。本文拟基于以上法条和司法解释探讨因果关系认定问题,其中的“不归因”是探讨重点,以期对我国在多哈回合的谈判起到借鉴作用。因果关系理论构成“不归因”问题的宏大背景。只有对因果关系理论形成正确认识,“不归因”问题的研究才有坚实的基础。通识认为,因果关系认定应当遵循一定程序,即对倾销进口产品和产业损害之间的因果关系作出初步认定;评估损害进口国国内产业的其他已知因素(指进口产品倾销以外的其他已知因素);该其他已知因素造成的损害没有归咎于倾销进口产品。一、 “不归因”要求的前提--初步认定倾销进口产品和产业损害之间的因果关系。初步认定倾销进口产品和产业损害之间的因果关系是满足“不归因”要求的前提。根据《反倾销协定》,进口产品以倾销价格大量涌入并对国内同类产品价格造成抑制,并由此损害国内产业,则调查当局可以初步认定因果关系。《反倾销协定》第3.2条对倾销产品造成损害的方式有要求,一个是数量要求,即在调查期大量涌入,二是价格要求,对国内同类产品价格产生负面影响,包括削低价格、压低价格或者抑制本应增长的价格没有增长三种类型。单纯存在倾销和损害还不能简单地对因果关系作出初步认定。根据《反倾销协定》第3.5条,“证明倾销进口产品与国内产业损害之间存在因果关系应以审查主管机关得到的所有证据为依据”。该规则在1967年肯尼迪回合守则和1979年东京回合守则都不曾出现,为WTO《反倾销协定》所新加,强调初步认定的肯定性证据要求,否定了初步认定是一种推定认定因果关系的看法。在泰国H型钢案中,波兰认为泰国所依赖的证据未能建立波兰进口产品和泰国国内产业损害之间的因果关系。专家组认为泰国调查当局在最终裁定时发现倾销进口产品的增加和持续的廉价销售,这些因素“证明波兰进口产品对泰国国内市场的影响”,并导致了价格的压低和抑制。这些发现是泰国调查当局裁定倾销产品和泰国国内产业间因果关系的根本因素。的确,这也是泰国当局发现倾销产品和可能损害间因果联系的惟一识别基础。但是,专家组认为,由于本案缺乏价格影响的支持证据,调查当局认定的因果关系缺乏依据,不符合第3.5条。“通过对第3.2条、 第3.4条的分析,当局已经初步在倾销进口产品的价格、数量和影响与国内产业受损之间确立了因果关系。”从性质上讲,这种“确立”源于倾销和损害在时空上的对应关系,以及进口产品与国内产业之间的竞争关系,也就是说,在调查期间和进口国领土内,进口产品若存在倾销,且同时国内产业表现糟糕,则很大程度上就可以说明倾销进口产品导致国内产业受损。根据《反倾销协定》第3.5条第1句(“必须证明通过按第2款和第4款所列的影响,倾销进口产品正在造成属本协定范围内的损害”),也可说明进口产品数量和价格影响(第3.2条)、对国内产业状况的影响(第3.4条)是确立因果关系的重要指标。此外,如上段所引用,《反倾销协定》第3.5条第1句为“必须证明通过按第2款和第4款所列的影响,倾销进口产品正在造成属本协定范围内的损害”,笔者认为该文本值得商榷,更准确的提法是“通过按第2款和第3款所列的影响”。因为:首先,观察第3条“损害的确定”前5段行文,第3.1条为综述,说明损害的确定需要考察两个方面:“(a)倾销进口产品的数量和倾销进口产品对国内市场同类产品价格的影响,以及(b)这些进口产品随之对此类产品国内生产者产生的影响”。简单地讲,(a)为倾销数量及价格影响,(b)为国内产业损害评估。接下来依次第3.2、3.3条阐述(a)的内容,第3.4条阐述(b)的内容。只有第3.2、3.3条阐述的是倾销造成损害的方式,所以正确的提法是“通过按第2款和第3款所列的影响”。其次,第3.5条第1句原文措辞是effects of (dumping),意为(dumping)produces effects, 表达主动概念,从语法上严格区别于effects on (the state of domestic industry),后者表达被动概念,而第3.4条正是on后接内容,而非of后接内容。所以,《反倾销协定》文本逻辑和语法结构均说明,将相关部分改为“通过按第2款和第3款所列的影响”似乎更为恰当。二、“不归因”要求的必然--评估损害进口国国内产业的其他已知因素调查当局在对倾销进口产品和产业损害之间的因果关系作出初步认定后,还要评估“除倾销产品外的、同时正在损害国内产业的任何已知因素”。因为相关国内产业可能因自身的技术、设备、工艺、信誉等原因而造成产品积压或生产下降,这些因素与倾销产品同时对国内产业造成损害时,这些损害不可归因于倾销进口产品。可以说,初步认定因果关系(即因果关系认定程序第一步)的目的是从正面评估由倾销造成的损害后果,而评估其他已知因素(即因果关系认定程序第二步)的目的是从反面排除非由倾销造成的损害后果。(一)“其他因素”是否为当局所“已知”《反倾销协定》第3.5条提及的“已知的其他因素”是指(a)调查当局“已知”的;(b)倾销以外的因素;(3)与倾销进口产品同时损害国内产业。法律没有一般地要求调查当局审查除倾销产品以外的造成产业损害的所有其他因素,但一旦该其他因素为调查当局“已知”,调查当局即负有审查义务。这里的“已知”,既包括利害关系人明确向调查当局提出的有因果关系的因素,也包括当局主动了解的或自己已经掌握的因素。在泰国H型钢案中,波兰认为泰国未能考虑除波兰进口产品以外的其他影响泰国产业的因素。波兰认为,为了使评估客观并基于肯定证据,一个调查当局有积极义务去寻求有关造成损害的除倾销进口产品外的“已知”因素的潜在影响的可用信息。专家组持不同意见,认为第3.5条并未界定调查当局对这些因素是如何“已知”的或成为“已知”,第3.5条并没有明确要求调查当局在每个案件中主动审查造成产业损害的所有其他可能因素。专家组认为,其他“已知”因素只包括利害关系人明确向调查当局提出的有因果关系的因素。当然调查当局主动审查也是被允许的。在有的案件的调查过程中,有些因素可能是当局“已知”而利害关系人未知,由此出现一个问题,即当局是否必须审查这些影响国内产业的已知因素。对于这一问题,当局“已知”的举证责任由出口方承担。例如在本案中,波兰指控泰国最终裁定时未能审查非波兰进口产品的影响、泰国建筑工业的需求水平、SYS进入H型钢市场的特性、本国产业生产力和成本结构、技术发展或与市场相关的SYS出口市场。专家组认为波兰未能表明是基于什么基础说这些因素对泰国调查当局是“已知”的;也未能指出泰国反倾销调查的记录中何处有波兰提出的这些因素,并使泰国调查当局对这些因素是“已知”的。因此,专家组没有支持波兰的主张。至于“其他因素”的界定,如欧共体管道配件案上诉机构所表达,《反倾销协定》并没有明确指出,为了构成倾销产品以外的因素,某一因素应在何种程度上与倾销进口产品无关,或者它是否必须是出口商或者倾销产品的外在的(extrinsic)的因素。这实际上赋予调查当局很大的自由裁量权。(二) 第3.5条列明的“其他因素”为示范性因素根据《反倾销协定》第3.5条,“在这方面可能有关的因素特别包括未以倾销价格销售的进口产品的数量和价格、需求的减少或消费模式的变化、外国与国内生产者的限制贸易的做法及它们之间的竞争、技术发展以及国内产业的出口实绩和生产率”。英文原文在诸多因素之前用may作限定,清晰地表明这些因素只具有示范作用,不是强制审查的内容。这些因素的列明本身并不构成“已知”。由于仅具有示范或导向作用,加上各种可以理解的原因,各成员方很少主动审查,所以惟一的实际意义在于提示申诉人提请当局考察这些因素以达到使当局“已知”的目的。“泰国H型钢案”中专家组肯定了这一观点。在“泰国H型钢案”中,波兰指控泰国没有考虑波兰进口货物之外可能对国内产业造成损害的其他因素,因此违反了第3.5条。依据之一是第3.5条所列各因素是强制性的,调查当局应当在每一起案件中对每一个因素强制审查。专家组不同意此观点。专家组认为,第3.5条措辞与第3.4条截然不同,第3.5条使用may(可能),指“在这方面可能有关的因素特别包括……”,而第3.4条使用shall一词,表达强制之意,即第3.4条列明的诸多损害结果必须依项评估。第3.5条强制要求调查当局考虑倾销进口产品以外的其他“已知”的正在同时损害国内产业的因素,但该条所包括的一系列因素仅仅是例证性的、说明性的(illustrative),调查当局没有必须审查的义务。(三)应当在何种程度审查已知其他因素调查当局“已知”其他因素后,就应当审查该其他因素。问题是审查是以简单的方式进行,还是必须深入分析。这直接与调查当局工作量挂钩,关系因果关系认定的难度,背后的决定因素是调查当局的贸易理念,是贸易保护主义,还是贸易自由主义。技术上讲与当局的水平和能力有关。WTO专家组在“泰国H型钢”案中倾向于简单分析即可。该案中,波兰认为其在调查过程中提出了神户地震对世界价格的结果影响;泰国的“保密数据”也表明当局“已知”该因素,则当局应当在最终裁定时评估该因素。而泰国调查当局在最终裁定时没有考虑该因素,显然违反第3.5条。专家组承认神户地震对世界价格的影响构成一个因素,且该因素为泰国“已知”,泰国负有义务审查该因素。但专家组发现最终裁定中有下面一段与其他已知因素评估有关的声明,“虽然全球对于H型钢材的需求减少了,但考虑到泰国国内生产的产品40%均用于出口,全球需求不可能是导致国内产业受损的原因之一”。专家组认为,如果泰国调查当局能够在档案中更详细地审查全世界需求(包括明确评估神户地震对世界价格和需求的影响)当然更好,但“上述有关全球需求的陈述已充分表明:当局已经考虑了全球需求(包括神户地震对世界价格和需求的影响),且该考虑在最终裁定中也是显而易见的”。所以,当局的做法符合第3.5条。按理说,简单审查的要求并没有增加当局太多工作量,但我国在反倾销实践中做得并不如人意,有时甚至拒绝考虑被诉企业提出的某些因素。例如,在“对原产于韩国、日本、美国和芬兰的进口铜版纸反倾销”案中,阿作为产量最大的申请企业之一的金东纸业为了推广其新品牌“东帆”,将“东帆”铜版纸的定价主动降低200元。显然,金东纸业的定价政策压低了中国国内铜版纸价格。日本被诉企业提请中国考虑这一因素。但我国商务部在最终裁定中没有评论该因素,也没有就被诉方提到的非倾销因素进行审查。这就违背了反倾销调查的正当程序要求,导致裁定缺乏应有说服力,容易被人抓“小辫子”。我国应当吸取该案教训,借鉴泰国处理H型钢案的有益做法,巧妙处理类似问题。三.“不归因”要求的关键--其他已知因素造成的损害没有归咎于倾销进口产品就因果关系认定的程序,从性质上讲,第二步和第三步是一个整体,不可分割。从逻辑上讲,不得将其他已知因素造成的损害归咎于倾销进口产品,必然要求评估其他已知因素造成的损害,并将该损害分离于倾销进口产品造成的损害。或者说,为了实现正确作出终裁,准确征收反倾销税,有效抵消倾销正在造成的损害的目的,必然要求识别和分离倾销进口产品和其他因素的不同损害效果。“不归因”要求的难点、乃至整个因果关系认定的真正难点都在于“识别和分离倾销进口产品和其他因素的不同损害效果”。(一)第3.5条是否要求识别和分离倾销进口产品和其他因素的不同损害效果从总体上讲,第3.5条规定的是一个宽松的因果关系标准,它甚至没有规定如何确保其他因素造成的损害没有错误地归咎于倾销进口产品。问题也有此产生:第3.5条是否要求识别和分离倾销进口产品和其他因素的不同损害效果?在美国热轧钢案中,专家组和上诉机构基于对第3.5条不同的解释,给出了截然相反的答案。本案中,日本提请美国国际贸易委员会(ITC)考虑四个其他因素,即:小工厂生产能力的增加、1998年通用汽车罢工的影响、美国管道业对热轧钢需求的下降以及非倾销进口产品的影响。专家组首先解释第3.5条为:当局审查并确定这些因素,没有切断看上去存在于倾销产品和实质损害之间的因果关系。专家组基于这项解释,认为当局没有必要在发现存在的整体损害中减除其他因素造成的损害,而去揭示仅仅是倾销产品造成的实质损害。专家组经审查认定ITC充分考虑了日本提出的这些其他因素,已经证明倾销进口产品和国内产业实质损害之间存在因果关系,ITC做法符合第3.5条要求。日本就专家组的上述认定提起上诉。上诉机构认为,没有对不同损害进行识别和分离,调查当局就没有合理依据来确定倾销进口产品确实正在引起损害,并根据《反倾销协定》征收反倾销税。上诉机构强调,这确实是第3.5条的要求,目的在于确保当局对于倾销进口产品的损害效果的评估并非基于假设而作出,并且该损害效果与其他因素所造成的影响得以相互区别。上诉机构也承认,对国内产业造成损害的各种因素之间可能相互发生作用,因此实践中识别和分离不同因素的损害效果是困难的,但即使困难也得识别和分离,这是“不归因”条文的要求。在欧共体管道配件案中,专家组和上诉机构都提及美国热轧钢案的裁决,并强调“第3.5条要求调查当局在因果关系认定中不得将其他因素造成的损害归咎于倾销进口产品,从而确保倾销产品确实正在损害国内产业”,为此,“当局应当识别和分离倾销产品和其他因素的损害效果”。这就肯定了美国热轧钢案上诉机构的相关观点。(二) 如何识别和分离不同的损害效果根据美国热轧钢案上诉机构的观点,在识别和分离不同损害效果的过程中,调查当局应采用何种具体的方法,对此《反倾销协定》没有规定。欧共体管道配件案的专家组和上诉机构也持类似观点,认为“成员方可以采用任何适当的因果关系分析方法,只要该方法能适当地识别和分离倾销产品与其他已知因素的损害效果并满足第3条要求”在该案中,巴西指控欧共体虽然考虑了其他因素的“单个”损害效果,却没有考察它们的“累积”影响,因此违反第3.5条。专家组和上诉机构一致认为,第3.5条没有就如何评估其他因素的影响提出具体要求,因此欧共体没有义务对其他因素的“累积”损害效果作出评估,尽管“从理论上讲,在特定情形下,多个其他因素累计起来可能构成对国内产业的根本损害从而割断倾销产品与损害之间的因果关系”。WTO争端解决机构对第3.5条“不归因”要求的解释是合理的,这是从条文的正常意义上理解“不得将其他因素造成的损害归咎于倾销进口产品”的结果,也是符合逻辑的推理结论。但是,有学者认为,对条文的如此解释歪曲了立法本意(这是乌拉圭回合各方达成妥协故意制定的模糊条款),使得条文过于明确,减少各缔约方在协定中故意预留的自由裁量权,是“法官造法”的重要表现。笔者认为,要求当局识别和分离不同因素的损害效果,意义重大,其一、有利于准确实施反倾销税、有效消除倾销造成的产业损害;其二、可以增大当局调查难度,使其在发起调查时慎重考虑,从而抑制滥用反倾销措施,一定程度上促进自由贸易,符合WTO自由贸易、提高各国居民生活水平的目的。事实上,在如何识别和分离不同因素的损害效果的问题上,当局还是有很大自由裁量权的。我国商务部在反倾销调查中没有识别和分离不同因素造成的损害效果。例如,在“对原产于韩国、日本、美国和芬兰的进口铜版纸反倾销”案中,部分利害关系方在初裁后曾提出国内产业损害非由倾销进口产品所为,而是由于其自身过度扩大生产规模、增加生产能力造成的。商务部的调查结论是,在调查期内,国内产业同类产品生产能力迅速扩大、产量明显增加,国内企业间压价竞争,使得国内铜版纸价格走低,产业利润率降低,经营状况发生变化。但是商务部在终裁中依然认为:“这一情况的存在并不表明被调查产品的低价进口没有对国内产业造成实质损害”。笔者认为,既然承认其他因素是造成国内产业损害的因素之一,就应当依据《反倾销协定》将该其他因素的损害效果从整体损害效果中识别和分离出来,而仅就倾销进口产品造成的损害(或依据倾销幅度)征收反倾销税。商务部在终裁中的认定似乎显得过于简单。其实,尽管识别和分离工作尽管有难度,但我们在程序上仍可有所作为。我们承担的法律义务仅仅是在裁定中反映出该识别和分离,而如何识别和分离则由商务部酌情处理。(三)“不归因”要求是否预示肯尼迪回合反倾销守则“主要原因”标准的“部分回归”“不归因”要求与倾销、损害之间因果关系标准密切相关。关于倾销与损害之间因果关系标准,在国际上存在两种主张,分别为“主要原因”标准和“原因之一”标准。“主要原因”标准要求倾销必须是导致损害的“主要原因”或“根本原因”,倾销与损害之间的因果关系方可成立,进口国才能对倾销进口产品采取反倾销措施;而“原因之一”标准是指,只要倾销是导致损害的原因之一,倾销与损害之间的因果关系即可成立,进口国就可对倾销产品采取反倾销措施。从国际反倾销法发展历史看,1967年肯尼迪回合达成的反倾销守则第3条(a)款规定:“当局应证实倾销是实质性损害的根本原因;在作出裁定时,调查当局应同时衡量倾销产品的损害效果与其他可能对国内产业造成消极影响的任何因素”。由此确立“主要原因”标准。由于美国强烈反对,认为依据“主要原因”标准确立因果关系的条件过于苛刻,该标准自1979年东京回合起被修改,改为现在WTO《反倾销协定》规定的“原因之一”标准,并规定“其他因素造成的损害不得归咎于倾销进口产品”,即提出“不归因”要求。有学者据此认为,“不归因”要求是伴随“主要原因”标准在法律条文中消失而出现的,是各方妥协的一个结果。“主要原因”是相对于“次要原因”而言的,因此“主要原因”标准本身即涉及调查当局对产业受损的不同原因的甄别、分析,并从中识别、分离出“主要原因”和“次要原因”。而这恰是“不归因”要求的内容。因此《反倾销协定》表面上看采用“原因之一”标准,但实际上蕴含着“主要原因”标准的要求。“从某种意义上讲,这是向1967年反倾销守则‘主要原因’标准的‘部分回归’。”该学者进一步解释,依“原因之一”标准,当局无须考量倾销产品本身造成多大程度的损害,例如倾销产品使得国内同类产品的生产商的销售量减少多少百分比,只要与其他因素一起构成了损害(这已经满足了“原因之一”标准),那么当局就可以作出肯定性因果关系裁定,根本无须识别和分离倾销产品与其他因素的损害作用。笔者认为以上分析逻辑有问题,因此结论也值得商榷。 笔者承认“不归因”确实在客观上要求识别和分离各种因素造成的不同损害,这与“主要原因”标准的要求没有二致,但识别和分离的目的不是认定倾销进口产品是否构成损害发生的“主要原因”或“根本原因”。识别和分离的目的是认定倾销是否造成损害、倾销造成多大的损害,进而采取有效的反倾销措施(例如征收相应额度的反倾销税),以抵消损害。简单地讲,为了确定是否征税,以及征多少税合适,才需要识别和分离其他因素造成的损害。“主要原因”和“次要原因”的区分只是识别和分离的客观结果。所以,“不归因”要求与“主要原因”标准没有必然联系。在多哈回合谈判中,中国曾主张回复“主要原因”标准,并建议《反倾销协定》明确要求调查当局在全部损害中识别和分离出其他因素造成的损害,并对识别和分离的具体方法作出规定。该主张得到巴西、日本、墨西哥、瑞士、印度等国的响应。但是欧共体、澳大利亚等国表示质疑,认为如何对其他因素进行定量和定性分析、如何认定“主要原因”都是艰难的问题,国内产业损害分析十分复杂,涉及很多经济因素和指标以及复杂的数学运算和分析。因为目前的反倾销调查程序已经呈现出时间冗长、工作繁重、成本高昂的特点,如果再向调查当局提出更高要求,是否可行是个大问号。笔者认为,根据本文前面分析,该主张若能得以实践,有利于促使当局慎重启动反倾销调查程序;即使当局在决定启动反倾销调查时也可有效避免将其他因素造成的损害归咎于倾销进口产品,从而最终符合WTO自由贸易的理念,有利于提高各国人民生活水平。综上,中国的主张无论能否在多哈回合得以实现,都应当成为WTO成员努力的方向。
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