foxbaby168
人工翻译，请放心采纳整体来说，药理学涵盖历史、来源、物理和化学性质、混配，生化和生理效果、作用机理、吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄，以及药物治疗及其他用途的知识。因为一种药物大体上被定义为影响生命过程的任何化学制剂，药理学的学科主体显然相当广泛。可是，对于医生和医学学生，药理学的范围并不如上面定义指出的那么宽泛。临床医生主要对预防、诊断和治疗人类疾病有用的药物感兴趣，或对于预防怀孕有用的药物感兴趣。他对这些药物的药理学的研究可以合理地限制在为其合理的临床用途提供基础的那些方面。
julystar77
结果和解释当验证的适宜的膜过滤法、平板计数法，平均数的任何测试生物体没有不同的系数大于2的价值定义的控制稀释与接种在没有产品必须obtained.when验证是否适合支原体方法，计算值从接种必须在95%置信区间的结果证实与控制。如果上述条件不能满足一个以上的生物测试的任何描述的方法，该方法和测试条件，来最接近的标准是用来测试产品。产品测试用量的试验除非另有指示，用10克或10毫升的产品进行审查，采取预防措施，上文提到的。用于液体或固体样品以气溶胶的形式，10containers.for贴剂，样品10补丁。数量进行测试可能是rebuced为活性物质，将制定下列条件：数量单位剂量（例如，片剂，胶囊，注射）小于或等于1毫克。或每克或毫升（筹备中没有介绍的剂量单位）小于我毫克。在这些情况下，样本量进行测试，金额不低于目前在10个剂量单位或10克或10毫升的产品。材料作为活性物质的样本量是有限的或组织者大小是非常小的（即，不少于1000毫升或1000克），数量的测试应是1%批除少量明或证明和授权。敌人的产品在总人数的实体在一个批小于200（如样品用于临床试验），可能是样本规模减少到2单位，或一个单位，如果尺寸小于100。选择样本（）在随机从散装物料或从现有的容器的制备。获得所需的数量，混合的内容，有足够数量的容器提供样品。
qianshuijun
Natural pharmaceutical chemistry purpose From developing the new drug developing in natural medicine (the structure including the guide compound polishes with make over , entire combining),this is that we study natural pharmaceutical chemistry major objective. The degree of difficulty the pure compound new drug is developed is big , the period is long , cost is high, the poisonous chemistry medicine side effect is big , easy to produce resistance to drugs, health brings about to the human body hurt, but the activity component sometimes has higher security from nature that green gets in life plant , medicine and medicine taking natural medicine as raw material extract thing favour accepting people gradually in all the countries in the world therefore. (1) is made by nature a great variety , structure are new and original , the hit rate that the pharmacology sifts is higher than composing compound , originate from natural guide compound having hope very much becoming the new drug curing difficult and complicated cases's , study direction therefore one already becoming a nowadays from the new drug developing in natural medicine is popular. Somebody forecasts , future natural medicine will have equal shares with chemistry medicine, power of assuming a situation of tripartite confrontation together with living things medicine.(2) A number of natural active compounds, because there are some defects, such as efficacy is not satisfactory, or side effects must exist, or because the content is too low, shortage of resources, it is difficult to Medium derived from natural raw materials, or because the structure was too complex, synthetic is also very difficult, so there is no direct the development and utilization of their own future. However, the natural active ingredients for the lead compounds, structural modification or structural Transformation, and eventually developed into new drugs. For example: synthetic morphine substitutes - is scheduled for piperaquine (meperidine), morphine is retained in the structural parts of an effective (analgesic effect of the same!), And its addictive than morphine decreased. Another example: the active ingredient in coca leaves cocaine has a very strong narcotic effect, but toxic, easy to addiction, through research design and synthesis of local anesthetics such as procaine. Again Example: to extract from the Artemisia annua with the separation of anti-malarial activity of artemisinin, is a heat-labile compounds, such as its hydrogenated, methylated derivatives artemether made after the markedly improved stability, anti - more enhanced malaria activity.
