英语培训项目开题报告

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文 　　以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考! 　　How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation 　　I. Purpose and Significance 　　With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty. 　　It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable. 　　According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language. 　　Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries. 　　II. Literature Review 　　Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other. 　　With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country. 　　Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs. 　　I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English. 　　Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function. 　　In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation. 　　I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese. 　　In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation. 　　III. Feasibility Analysis 　　This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows: 　　1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation. 　　2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis . 　　3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in 　　translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them. 　　4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis. 　　5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English. 　　6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen. 　　IV. Problems of the research and solutions 　　1. Problems 　　Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience. 　　2. Solutions 　　(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well. 　　(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose. 　　(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help. 　　V. Necessary conditions 　　1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms. 　　2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet. 　　3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing. 　　VI. Outline 　　I. Introduction 　　A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation 　　B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis 　　C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation 　　1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English 　　2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure 　　II. The Principles of Ellipsis 　　A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works 　　B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test 　　C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident 　　Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis 　　A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression 　　B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression 　　1. Ellipsis of Articles 　　a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles 　　b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles 　　2. Ellipsis of Prepositions 　　3. Ellipsis of Pronouns 　　a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns 　　b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns 　　c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns 　　4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions 　　a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions 　　b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions 　　5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric 　　a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words 　　b. Ellipsis of Synonyms ;

自学英语和读书一样，讲究的是在零碎时间里见缝插针。在地铁上，排队等餐时等等，都可以记一记单词。关于记单词的方法实在是太多了，选择适合自己的就好了，我自己是比较喜欢在阅读中记忆单词和自己制作单词卡片方便记忆。很多人觉得语法应该是比较难学的。其实英语里面的主要语法是相对简单的，如果没有老师教你，你可以自己买一本语法书攻克一下。从最简单的英文原版小说读起，通过阅读来培养语感。比如：哈利波特、神奇动物在哪里、夏洛的网、月亮与六便士等等，它们的单词、语言和叙述方式都是“入门级”的，容易上手。最好能做到每天都读几页至几十页。我阅读一般是快速阅读法。快速阅读是一种高效的阅读学习方法，其原理在于激活“眼、脑”的潜能，培养和提高阅读速度、整体感知、归纳理解、注意力集中等方面的能力，对应于阅读理解方面的帮助很大。快速阅读的练习可以参考《精英特全脑速读记忆训练》。掌握快速阅读后，可以快速的对文章的关键信息进行提取，提高做题效率和准确性，同时可节约大量的时间，做到游刃有余。做英语阅读理解的时候要注意：阅读时不要逐字逐句的翻译，也不要一句话反复阅读，即阅读时碰到一时不理解的句子就一遍一遍地沉浸在阅读那个句子当中，反复琢磨。其实完全没有必要，因为要选对答案并不意味着对原文的每个句子都要读懂，抓住一些重点句子就够了，正确的做法是，以理解整个段落和整篇文章为主，在涵盖出题点的句子上用心捉摸。跟读美剧、英剧，练习口语。在听说读写里面，国内的很多学生在“说”这一项下的功夫远远不够。很多同学找不到自己发音的问题，建议你念一段、录下来，自己听听，然后对比别人的发音，一点点纠正。如果英语基础没打好的话，就要先从发音上纠正，从字母、音标开始纠正。不断改正、练习、巩固之后再用“跟读”的办法，学习音调、语调。通过“跟读”练习最纯正的英音美音。我们完全可以把学英语当成一件好玩的事情，别光刷剧，一边刷一边练习英语才一举两得呐。找个靠谱的同伴一起练习。学英语的关键词，除了“重复”，就是“练习”。如果有外国朋友当然最好啦，如果没有，也可以和身边的朋友结成“说英语小组”。很多人觉得，俩中国人聚在一起说英语太好笑了吧，但是不去尝试，你是永远说不出来英语的。

我现在上的ABC天卞英语中心也挺.好.，外教1对1课程 上下来英语整体水平以及口语的部份进步都挺大的 在家上课，时间弹性，跟着学习生活口语课 很不错的，里面的老师很优秀，性介比也很高~1．调整好心理状态。听力理解是一系列复杂心理活动的综合，产生焦虑紧张心理是听力训练的大敌。为了稳定情绪,在听力材料安排上要做到由浅入深，由易到难,逐步过渡。同时还要培养良好的学习心态，正确对待听力训练中的困难和挫折，增强自信 ．强化语音基础知识。听力学习同其他内容一样，一定要从基础抓起，尤其是语音的矫正与辨别不容忽视。只有从基础的语音入手，逐步过渡到单词、短语、句子、对话和语篇，才能真正起到提高听力的作用 ．精听与泛听相结合。为了克服听音后再翻译这个过程，要有针对性地进行段落快速听力训练，做到能立刻听出段落的内容，迅速回答所提问题。问题要简单明了,便于捕捉信息,以此培养搜索能力 在听力课上，要训练正确的听音方法，有时一字半句听不清楚是正常现象，切忌焦躁，要跟上录音速度，不要在一词一句上纠缠，全神贯注，边思考边解答，快速梳理听到的信息 要注意首句、关键词或关键句，把听音的重点放在意群上，并迅速在草稿纸上记下文中提到的相关信息，特别是与who, what,where, wch, why等有联系的信息，切勿“眉毛胡子一把抓”，连猜带蒙碰运气。要在听前认真快速浏览试题，并尽可能预测。要尽可能地设置语境真实、语言真实、语音真实的语言情景，让学生去理解揣摩说话人的真实意图。课下做泛听练习，可以携带随身听等,在吃饭、洗衣服、散步等闲暇时间内完成老师布置的泛听练习，也可根据兴趣爱好不同，选择听英文歌曲、看电影、听名人演讲等，培养语感,提高快速反应能力。同时要把日常生活中出现的常用连读形式总结出来，尽快地熟悉 ．了解英语国家的风土人情，增强体验感。要经常参加专题讲座形式的小论坛。话题可涉及到方方面面。例如：民俗、教育、历史、时尚、节日、电影、畅销书、食物等。每个学生可以根据自己的爱好选择不同的话题。一个学生讲完后，其他学生可以补充或提问。通过这样的活动，既可以使学生对西方的文化有更深的了解，也可使学生达到多说多练的目的，从而提高听力水平。