lilyran0910
简单英语语法知识
there be句式有时可以与情态动词连用
■与 can / could 连用
There can be no doubt about that.
那是毫无疑问的。
Without heavy industry there can be no economic advance.
没有重工业，就没有经济的发展。
If the police hadn’t closed the road there could have been a bad accident.
要不是警方关闭了道路，本来会发生严重车祸的。
■与may / might 连用
There might still be hope.
可能还有希望。
There may be a letter for me.
大概有我一封信。
There may be a storm tomorrow.
明天可能有风暴。
At the end there may be an index.
结尾处可能有索引。
There might be drinks if you wait for a bit.
如果你等一会儿，可能会有饮料。
There may be more importance in it than would seem.
它的重要意义可能要比看上去大。
■与must 连用
There must be a mistake.
一定是弄错了。
He felt there must be something wrong.
他感到准有什么问题。
There must be somebody at home—ring again.
家里肯定有人——再按一下铃。
There must be some book which could help.
一定有那么本书可以帮我们的忙。
That can’t be the only way. There must be other ways of solving the problem.
那不是解决问题的唯一办法，肯定有另外的办法。
■与 should 连用
There shouldn’t be any doubt about it.
对此不应有什么怀疑。
It is important that there should be afire escape.
要有一个太平梯，这很重要。
The widow begged that there should be no reprisals.
遗孀祈求不要去搞复仇。
■与 ought to 连用
There ought to be a comma here.
这儿应有一个逗号。
There shouldn’t be any doubt about it.
对此不应有什么怀疑。
There ought to be traffic lights at this crossroads.
这个十字路口应该有红绿灯。
There ought to be enough of a fire left up there.
上面那儿残留的火势该够大了。
There oughtn’t to have been any difficulty about it
此事本不应有什么困难。
■与 used to 连用
There used to be a small park just around the corner.
以前在那个拐角就有一个小公园。
There are more flowers than there used to he.
现在比过去花儿更多了。
There used to be a cinema here, didn’t there?
过去这儿是有一家电影院的，是吗?
There used to be a hospital here.
原来这里有家医院。
There used to be four cinemas in the town, now there is only one.
过去这座城市有四家电影院。现在只有一家了。
从零开始学语法：情态动词can与may的用法
can 的用法
一、表能力，有“能，会，能够”的意思。例如：
-Can you drive a car? 你会开车吗?
-Yes, I can. 我会。/ No, I can't. 我不会。
二、表允许，在口语中代替may，有“可以”的意思。
(见下面 may 的用法第四点)
三、表示可能性，常用于否定句和疑问句。例如：
Can it be true? 那会是真的吗?
Today is Sunday. He can't be at school. 今天是星期天，他不可能在学校里。
很多同学都不太清楚 can 与 be able to 的异同吧，赶快来学习一下吧>>
may 的用法
一、表示许可或征求对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。例如：
You may go now. 你可以走了。
May I use your computer? 我用一下你的电脑可以吗?
二、回答以 may 开头的疑问句有如下表达法：
-May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗?
-Yes, you may. / Yes, please. 请抽吧。
-No, you can't. / No, you mustn't. / No, you'd better not. 请不要抽烟。
三、表示猜测，通常只用于陈述句。例如：
You may be right. 你可能是对的。
四、在口语中 can 可以代替 may 表示许可，但 can 较随便，may 更正式。例：
Can I use your bike, John? 约翰，我可以用一下你的自行车吗?
May I have a look at your license please, sir? 先生，我可以看一下你的执照吗?
从零开始学语法：情态动词must与have to的用法
must 的用法
一、表义务，“必须”。例如：
You must talk to them about their study. 你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。
二、在否定结构中表不许。例如：
You mustn't leave here. 你不能离开这儿。
三、表推测，暗含有很大的可能性。例如：
He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。
注意：之前我们说过 may 也可以表猜测，但是 may 暗含的可能性较小，must 暗含的可能性较大。另外否定的猜测是用can't。例如：
The baby can't be ill. He is so active. 那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。
四、表不可避免，“必然要，必定会”。例如：
All men must die. 人总有一死。
五、表主张，“坚持要，一定要”。例如：
If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走，至少也要等雨停了再走。
六、关于 must 的简短回答：
-Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必须马上打扫膳厅吗?
-Yes, you must. 是的。
-No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必马上打扫。
have to 的用法
一、have to 表客观的需要和义务，must 表主观的`认识。例如：
I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi. 我没搭上火车，所以我只得打的。(客观上需要打的)
I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。(主观上认为应该努力学习)
二、在疑问句和否定句中，have to 多用助动词 do 构成，must 则直接提前或加not。例如：
Did he have to do it? = Must he do it? 他得做那件事吗?
而且在否定句中，have to 表不需要，must 表不允许：
You don't have to go there. 你不需要去那儿。
You mustn't go there? 你不可去那儿。
2014高考英语抓分训练：情态动词与虚拟语气、非谓语动词、复合句(含答案解析)
一、情态动词与虚拟语气考点
I am a middle school student. I have many dreams. If there 1.________ (be) not so much homework, I would have more time to do what I like to do. How I wish I 2.________ (listen) to my favourite music for an hour a day and 3.________ (play) table tennis for an hour in the morning. It's my desire that we 4.________ (hold) evening parties or 5.________ (organize) some interesting activities at weekend. I suggest that t here 6.________ (be) not so many tests. You can imagine what life 7.________ (will) be if I8.________ (realize) my dream. But I must face the exams. Without good marks, I 9.________ (will) not enter my ideal university. Anyway, it's high time that I 10.________ (encourage) myself and worked hard from now on.
二、不定式考点
Dear Editors，
My name is Adam Rouse. I'm 19 years old and I used 1.________ (be) a heavy smoker. I first started 2.________ (smoke) when I was only 15 alt hough I know it is very harmful 3.________ (smoke) at any time.
I read your magazine and know that there are some organizations 4.________ (help)people stop smoking.Participants learn 5.________ (recognise) smoking triggers and they try 6.________ (set) a date in the future when they will stop 7.________ (smoke)on purpose.Now, I am looking for some ideas 8.________ (help) myself 9.________ (give) up smoking and I expect myself 10.________ (accept) as a member of your organizations.
Yours sincerely，
Li Lei
三、分词考点
Many years ago, a young foreigner 1.________ (call) Marco Polo travelled all the way from Italy to China. From then on a window to the east has been 2.________ (open) for westerners.
Two kinds of gold coins once 3.________ (make) by Europeans showed their respects to the great explorer.
Marco Polo was 4.________ (bear) in 1254. He l ived in Venice, a rich city in Italy. Marco's father and uncle were merchants. They had travelled to the east. So when Marco was young, he enjoyed 5.________ (listen) to the stories about the places 6.________ (visit) by his father. His father decided 7.________ (take) him on a trip. When Marco Polo was just 17, he left his country for China. They were among the first to go along the silk road. They had a lot of trouble in 8.________(explore). So it was a hard trip for Marco Polo, but he was very brave. After about four years, Marco met Kublai Khan who gave him a job. Marco spent 17 years 9.________ (work) for him. He visited most parts of China. He learned lots of 10.________ (interest) things about Chinese life. When he returned home, he let others know about things like coal and paper money. He wrote about his trip in a famous book.
四、动名词考点
Everyone needs friends. There is an old 1.________ (say): friends are God's way of 2.________ (take) care of us. But how do you find real friendship and keep it?
The Care and Keeping of Friends by American author Sally Seamans tells young students some smart ways of 3.________ (find) friends. Sally says 4.________ (arrive) at friendship is just like 5.________ (plant) a tree. You plant the seed and take care of it to make it grow. First, you should choose a friend. What makes a good friend? It is not because a person has money or good looks. A good friend should be kind and patient. For example, if you have a hard day, a good friend should l isten to your complaints and do their best 6.________ (help). To make a friend, you cannot be too shy. You should make each other happy and share your life. But things can't always be happy. Even the best friends have fights. What should you do when you have a fight with your friends? You have to talk to them. When there is no one around, have an honest talk. If he or she doesn't want 7.________ (talk), you could write a letter.
Sally says there are three steps to 8.________ (be) friends again. Tell him or her how you are feeling, say what your friend has done wrong, and explain why you did this or that. The book also has advice on some small but important things like 9.________ (celebrate) your friends' success. Even if you haven't had a real friend before, you will start 10.________ (think) of having one if you read this book, because the book tells that friendship is the most important thing in your life.
五、名词性从句考点
Three years had passed and things were even worse than before. One can hardly imagine 1.________ the poor people suffered. Most of the workers lost their jobs and in order to provide for their families they sold everything 2.________ they had in their houses. They could neither get food nor clot hing. Many of them fell ill and died.
Now they began to understand 3.________ the factory owners were their enemies. But they believed that 4.________ the government knew 5.________ hard their conditions were, they would give them some help . In a meeting they decided 6.________ they should send some of their men to London to tell the government of the truth. Jackson was chosen to be one of them to go to the capital. He felt proud 7.________ he could do something for his friends.
A few days later, when Jackson came back from London and was asked to tell about 8.________ had happened there, he replied in a low voice, “I will never forget 9.________ we workers were treated there, and I will never forgive those who refused to hear us. Friends, let us do all we can to struggle against the capitalists and the government 10.________ supports them.”
六、定语从句考点
Some day, if you are lucky, you may see a bongo. But the only way 1.________ most people will see it is in a zoo. They are found in Africa, 2.________ they lived deep in forests. Even in Africa, very few people ever get to see a bongo. The bongo does not come out of the forest very often. It is an animal 3.________ keeps to itself.
The bongo has beautiful colouring. Its hair is bright brown mixed with orange and red. Down its back an d across its sides the bongo has yellowwhite strips. Animals 4.________ look for food at night usually have big eyes. This helps them see better at night. The forests in 5.________ bongos live are very dark. The eyes of bongos are very big. So, they have not trouble in living in the darkness.
Bongos in zoos do not like to go outside on bright days. They only go outside on those days when it is dark or very cloudy.
七、状语从句考点
Two travelling angels stopped to spend the night in the home of a wealthy family. The family was rude and refused to let the angels stay in the mansion's guestroom. Instead the angels were given a small space in the cold basement. 1.________ they made their bed on the hard floor, the older angel saw a hole in the wall and repaired it. When the younger angel asked 2.________， the older angel replied, “Things aren't always 3.________they seem.”
The next night the pair came to rest at the house of a very poor, 4.________ very hospitable farmer and his wife. After sharing what little food they had，the couple let the angels sleep in their bed 5.________ they could have a good night's rest. 6.________ the sun came up the next morning the angels found the farmer and his wife in tears. Their only cow, 7.________milk had been their sole income, lay dead in the field. The younger angel was infuriated and asked the older angel, “How could you have let this happen?” “The first man had everything, yet you helped him，” she accused. “The second family had little 8.________ was willing to share everything and you let the cow die.”
“Things aren't always what they seem, ” the older angel replied.“9.________ we stayed in the basement of the mansion, I noticed there was gold stored in the hole in the wall. 10.________ the owner was so obsessed with greed and unwilling to share his good fortune, I sealed the wall and he wouldn't find it. Then last night as we slept in the farmer's bed, the angel of death came to his wife. I asked God if the angel could take the cow instead.”
八、复合句考点
Gandhi was honoured as the father of the Indian nation. He has been respected and beloved by the Indians with the belief 1.________ he is an Indian national hero. He was born in India in 1869. 2.________ is recorded, he got married at the age of 13, following the local custom. In 1888 he sailed to England, 3.________ he studied law for three years and became a lawyer. 4.________ his return to India, he was sent to South Africa to work on a law case. In South Africa he was surprised to find 5.________ the problem of racial discrimination was serious. There he formed an organization and this was 6.________ he started to fight for equal rights. Gandhi returned to India in 1915, 7.________ India was controlled by the British. He led the Indians to fight for an end to the British rule and independence for his country. 8.________ in the political movement many Indians including Gandhi were put in prison and it was still not sure9.________ they could gain independence, the struggles never stopped. The British government had to give in and India won its independence in 1947. Unfortunately, Gandhi was shot by an Indian 10.________ opposed his views and died on January 30th, 1948.
一、情态动词与虚拟语气考点
1.were 2.listened 3.played 4.(should) hold
5.(should) organize 6.(should) be 7.would
8.realized/ should realize/ were to realize 9.would
10.encouraged
二、不定式考点
1.to be 2.smoking/to smoke 3.to smoke 4.to help
5.to recognise 6.to set 7.smoking 8.to help
9.(to)give 10.to be accepted
三、分词考点
1.called 2.opened 3.made 4.born 5.listening
6.visited 7.to take 8.exploring 9.working
10.interesting
四、动名词考点
1.saying 2.taking 3.finding 4.a rriving 5.planting
6.to help 7.to talk 8.being 9.celebrating
10.thinking/to think
五、名词性从句考点
1.how 2.that 3.that 4.if 5.how 6.that 7.that 8.what 9.how 10.that
六、定语从句考点
1.that 2.where 3.that/which 4.that/which 5.which
七、状语从句考点
1 .As/When 2.why 3.what 4.but 5.where
6.When 7.whose 8.but 9.When 10.Since/Because
八、复合句考点
1.that 2.As 3.where 4.On/After 5.that 6.how
7.when 8.Though/Although 9.whether 10.who
小升初英语语法大全：情态动词must与have to的用法
must 的用法
一、表义务，“必须”。例如：
You must talk to them about their study. 你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。
二、在否定结构中表不许。例如：
You mustn't leave here. 你不能离开这儿。
三、表推测，暗含有很大的可能性。例如：
He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。
注意：之前我们说过 may 也可以表猜测，但是 may 暗含的可能性较小，must 暗含的可能性较大。另外否定的猜测是用can't。例如：
The baby can't be ill. He is so active. 那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。
四、表不可避免，“必然要，必定会”。例如：
All men must die. 人总有一死。
五、表主张，“坚持要，一定要”。例如：
If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走，至少也要等雨停了再走。
六、关于 must 的简短回答：
-Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必须马上打扫膳厅吗?
-Yes, you must. 是的。
-No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必马上打扫。
have to 的用法
一、have to 表客观的需要和义务，must 表主观的认识。例如：
I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi. 我没搭上火车，所以我只得打的。(客观上需要打的)
I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。(主观上认为应该努力学习)
二、在疑问句和否定句中，have to 多用助动词 do 构成，must 则直接提前或加not。例如：
Did he have to do it? = Must he do it? 他得做那件事吗?
而且在否定句中，have to 表不需要，must 表不允许：
You don't have to go there. 你不需要去那儿。
You mustn't go there? 你不可去那儿。
2011年中考英语试题单项选择之情态动词和系动词（1）
(2010 .河北省卷,31. 1) -Do we have to finish our homework this afternoon?
-Yes, you ________.
A. must B. can C. may D. need
（2010湖南省娄底市5. 1） -Must I be in hospital for a week， Doctor? ?
-No， you . You can go back home tomorrow.?
A.mustn’t B.needn’t C. must?
（2010湖南省娄底市7. 1） -What do you think of the cake??
-I like it very much. It tastes .?
A.good B.terrible C. well
(2010.江苏省盐城市3.1)The desk is not dirty.You_______clean it.
A.mustn’t B.shouldn’t C.needn’t C.can’t
(2010.四川省内江市23. 1)-What is your mother going to do this Saturday?
--I’m not sure.She_____go to see my grandmother.
A.can B.must C.may
（2010.四川省自贡市31. 1）-May we leave the classroom now?
--No,you _________.You_________to leave until the bell rings.
A.must;are allowed B.can’t ,aren’t supposed
C.needn’t ;aren’t allowed
答案：ABACCC
神仙鱼左倾45
英语对于现在的中国学生来说已经成为了一种重要的语言。英语作为一种语言,本身就是一个系统,需要靠英语语法来规范,接下来我为你整理了英语简单语法知识点，一起来看看吧。
there be 句型，be going to 结构
1. Be going to 结构，表示打算，准备，计划做某事
结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型
I am going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are you going to make a bookcase?
Are they going to paint it?
Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?
变否定句在be动词后面加not
I am not going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
特殊疑问句
What are you going to do?
What are they going to do?
What is the father going to do?
2. There be 句型：表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)
There is+单数名词+表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)
There is a book in this room.
There is a pen on the table
There are+复数名词+表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)
There are two pens on the table.
There are three schools there.
变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is there a book in this room?
Are there two pens on the table?
变否定句在动词后面加not
There is not a book in this room.
There are not two pens on the table.
肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, there is. No, there is not.
Yes, there are. No, there are not.
选择疑问句：是指提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择的句式
一种是以一般疑问句的结构形式为基础，只是在语调上有所区别。
例如：Would you like coffee or tea?
这一类选择疑问句通常都是在前一个供选择的答案用低升调，后一个用降调;如果有两个以上供选择的答案，则在最后一个用降调，其余都用低升调。
例如：
Would you like a gin，or a whisky，or a `beer?
你是要喝杜松子酒，还是威士忌酒，还是啤酒?
这种语调上的特征往往是区别选择疑问句和一般疑问句的重要标志。试比较：
Shall we leave at six or `seven?
我们是 6 点动身还是 7点动身?
Shall we leave at six or seven?
我们在6，7点钟动身好吗?
上述第一例是选择疑问句，其答案只能是两者之一。
We shall leave at six/seven.我们将在6点/7点动身。
上述第二例是一般疑问句，它的答案只是 yes/no，而且并不肯定是6点或7点，甚至可能既不是6点，也不是7点：
Yes，we shall leave at six or seven.是的，我们将在 6， 7点钟动身。
No.We must leave earlier.不。我们必须早点动身。
另一种选择疑问句是以特殊疑问句的结构形式为基础的，也是在语调上有所区别。
例如：Which vase shall I use, the short one or the tall one ? The tall one.
在选择疑问句中的冠词用法。
Is she a housewife or a nurse?(她是一个家庭主妇还是护士?)
其中，or后的不定冠词a/an 不能省略。
特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子。
常用的疑问词有：what who whose which when where how why等。
可先分为3种:
疑问代词：what，who，which，whose，whom
疑问副词：when，where，why，how
疑问形容词：what(which，whose)+名词
特殊疑问句有两种语序
1.如疑问词作主语或主语的定语，即对主语或主语的定语提问，其语序是陈述句的语序：
疑问词(+主语)+谓语动词+其他成分。
如:Who is singing in the room﹖ whose bike is broken﹖
2.如疑问词作其他成分，即对其他成分提问，其语序是：疑问词+一般疑问句语序?如:What class are you in﹖
What does she look like﹖
Where are you from﹖
What time does he get up every morning﹖
How do you know﹖
注意：
1.回答特殊疑问句时，不能用yes / no，即问什么答什么，尤其是简略回答。如：
Who is from Canada﹖ Helen (is).
Where's the restaurant﹖ Near the station.
Why do you like koalas﹖ Because they are cute.
2.特殊疑问句一般读降调(↓)。
特殊疑问词
Who谁——Whose谁的(加se)
Why为什么
When什么时候
Where在哪里
Which哪一个
What什么 ( What time什么时间 What colour什么颜色)
How怎么样
How many多少{数量}
How much多少钱{价格}，
多少(对不可数名词进行提问)
How long多长
How often多少次
How big多大
How heavy多重{重量}
thomas0488
1. 18世纪以来的英语语法强调than是连词而不是介词 也就是说Bill is taller than him. 应改为 Bill is taller than he (is).但是会出现It surprises him more than me.因为这里是It surprises him more than it surprises me.现在的语法认为 除了像Shakespeare Johnson Swift Scott Faulkner的大作家中的作品中还会出现than me这样的情况 一般的作家或者正式书面用语中都不会再出现把 than 理解为介词故第一个问题 意思上等于 但是前者更加正式 后者非正式（语法学家认为是错的）2. who引导定语从句 从句中的动词单复数根据修饰的词 在主句中friends是修饰的成分 也就说修饰的是复数名词 那么这里的动词当然要用复数形式定语从句中的结构基本按照陈述句语序I like to have friends.They are diff from me.合并的时候 把they 改为who 那么就是上述语序了 表示喜欢交不一样的朋友再比如I want to visit Tom.He was hurt by his girl friend.合并为I want to visit Tom who was hurt by ...3. careful是care 的形容词形式 后者是关心 前者是关切的 仔细的care 名词Fragile! Handle with care! 易碎品 小心轻放! The baby needs a lot of care. 这婴孩需要精心照料动词I don't care what they say. 我不在乎他们说什么（及物动词）I don't care for coffee. 我不喜欢喝咖啡（不及物动词 care for = like）Do you care if I go? 如果我去的话 你不介意吧? （不及物动词）careful 形容词1.of/about/with 2.to do 3.doing 4.+ Wh- 5.+(that)John was careful not to say anything about this to her. 约翰小心翼翼 避免向她提及此事。 Be careful with the dynamite. 当心这炸药 A good writer is careful about details. 凡是优秀作家都重视细节的描写I am always careful when crossing a street. 我过马路时总是很小心的作定语The doctor gave him a careful examination. 医生对他作了彻底的检查
兜兜里有糖布布
1. 题主这句话是有标点符号的，这两个逗号对理解句子非常有帮助：
The chances are that few, if any, of you will leave your names to be cut into those stones.
if any是插入语，省略了there is，补全了就是if there is any （chance）=如果还有（机会）的话
全句翻译：你们名字被刻在那些石头上的几率是很少的——如果还有的话!
2. 类似这种if any用法的其他例句：
if any：假如有，即使有
Correct the errors, if any. 如有错误请订正。
There is little water, if any. 即使有水，也只是一点点。
There are few, if any,mistakes in the book. 那本书里即使真有错误,也不多.
If any letters come after you've left, I'll send them on. 如果你离开后有信来了,我会转寄给你.
流浪的好吃狗
英语语法中，有哪些语法是最基本的。下面是我给大家整理的最基本的英语语法的相关知识，供大家参阅!
代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括：
1。 人称代词，如：I, you, they, it等;
2。 物主代词，如：my, his, their, our, mine, hers等;
3。 反身代词，如：myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等;
4。 相互代词，如：each other, one another等;
5。 指示代词，如：this, that, these, those, such, same等;
6。 疑问代词，如：who, whom, whose, which, what等;
7。 关系代词，如：who, whom, whose, which, that等;
8。 不定代词，如：some, any, no, all, one, every, many, a little, someone, anything等;
英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要有下列六种句子成分：
1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是一句的主体。如I study English(我学习英语)中的I。
2)谓语动词(predicate verb)它是说明主语的动作或状态的，如I study English中的study。
3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或特征的，如I am a student(我是一个学生)中的student;Our classroom is clean(我们的教室很干净)中的clean。
4)宾语(object)它是表示及物动词动作的对象的，如I study English中的English。介词后面的名词或代词，叫做介词的宾语，如They don't work on Sunday(他们星期天不工作)中的Sunday，就是介词on的宾语。
5)定语(attribute)它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的，如He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。
6)状语(adverbial)它是修饰动词、形容词、副词用的，如He works hard(他努力工作)中的hard。
[注]虚词在句子中一律不能作为句子成分。
1.词法(morphology)词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。
英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数、格和性的形式变化;动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化;以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。
2.句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律。
(一)词类和句子成分的关系
在句子里，一定的句子成分由一定的词类来担任。现将哪些句子成分通常由哪些词类来担任列述如下：
主语：名词和代词
Beijing is the capital of our country.北京是我国的首都。(名词Beijing作主语) She is fond of sports.她爱好运动。(代词She作主语)
谓语动词：动词
My brother rides. his bicycle to work.我哥哥骑自行车上班。(动词rides作谓语动词)
表语：名词、代词和形容词
His father is a doctor.他父亲是个医生。(名词doctor作表语)
The lesson is easy and Short.这课书又容易又短。(形容词easy和short作表语) That classroom is ours，那个教室是我们的。(代词ours作表语)
宾语：名词和代词
I love music.我热爱音乐。(名词music作宾语)
The medicine is good for her.这药对她有效。(代词her作宾语)
定语：形容词
Li Hong is an excellent teacher.李红是一位好老师。(形容词excellent作定语) 状语：副词
Our monitor does well in English.我们班长英语学得好。(副词well作状语)
短语、从句和句子
短语(phrase)具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词，叫做短语。短语在句子里可以单独作为一个句子成分。短语的种类很多，但本书只用下列几个短语名称：
a)不定式短语(infinitive phrase)如He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(他喜欢在午饭后读报)中的to read newspapers after lunch。
b)动名词短语(gerundial phrase)如：
Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天呆在家里不利于健康)中的staymg indoors all day。
c)分词短语(participial phrase)如：
I saw many people walking along the lake(我看见许多人在湖边散步)中的walking along the lake。
d)介词短语(prepositional phrase)如：
He came by bus(他乘公共汽车来)中的by bus。
从句(clause)内含主语部分和谓语部分，表达一定的概念，但不成为一个独立句子的一组词，叫做从句。从句在句子里可以作为一个句子成分，一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。
从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等句子成分;
a)主语从句(subject clause)如What I want to say is this(我要说的是这么一点)中的what I want to say。
b)表语从句(predicative clause)如This is what I want to say(这是我要说的)中的what I want to say。
c)宾语从句(object clause)如I have said what I want to say(我说完了我要说的话)中的what I want to say。
d)定语从句(attributive clause)如This is the thing I want to say(这就是我要说的)中的I want to say。
e)状语从句(adverbial clause)如If you want to say something，say it clearly(假如你要说什么，就应说清楚)中的if you want to say something。
句子(sentence)内含主语部分和谓语部分，有比较完整的意义的一组词，叫做句子。
从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：
a)简单句(simple sentence)只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分，如：
The people's Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国于一九四九年成立。
b)并列句(compound sentence)包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间常由连词连接，如：
Tom's father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.汤姆的父亲从早干到晚，但挣得的钱很少。
c)复合句(complex sentence)内含一个或一个以上的从句，如：
It's a long time since I saw you last.好久没有看见你了。
从说话人说话的目的来看，句子可分为：
a)陈述句(declarative sentence)用来叙述一件事，如：
I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。
b)疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问，如：
Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗?
c)祈使句(imperative sentence)表示请求、命令等，如：
Please come in.请进来。
d)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各种情感，如：
What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊!
