欧洲饮食文化英文

The Western culture manner 's “ dinner table manners" The habit of have mealing of west is different from we much have, especially colloquy a western meal the party, rules is rather many.When join in a western meal parties should notice the following items: 1, the wine that foreigner is general did not let the habit let the vegetables, therefore you like to eat the what, no harm to much take the point. 2, should wait the all guest the in front to all ascended the vegetables, hostess to picked up her knife with after fork signal hint can just use the meal. 3, the table napkin should spread on the knee.Can also defend at the neck is last or chest front, but not very square.Can wipe the oil on your mouth or stains on the finger with table napkin dime, but the absolutely not can the wipe cutlery. 4, have meal to sit properly body not want two arms lay down horizontally on the table. 5, usage knife and fork hour, should the left hand use the fork, and by hand use the knife.Slice the meat should avoid the knife to slice on the porcelain dish to send out the sound.Midway let go of the knife and fork, and should report the "eight" the matrix cent put on the plate.If the knife and fork put together, mean to complete with meal. 6, want to drink the water, should be first food pharyngeal bottom.While drinking the water with glass cup, want to wipe the oil stains on the mouth first, and the in order to prevent make dirty the cup. 7, if sneeze or cough, or want the bathroom, should humality that face surroundings sorry. 8, have meal, always remain mum to is not polite , but mastication food the hour don't speak the words, and swallow again answer. 9, be the bellboy according to this give the guest top vegetables, walk to the left side that you, just the your turn take the vegetables. Complete with meal, and the hostess stand to rise, and can just leave the seat.The table napkin puts on the table, and don't shine on the original kind fold good (一)基本的讲究 排列座次时，国内外的基本作法有所不同。在涉外场合排列座次时，一般均应遵守国际惯例。 1.我国传统作法 在排列并排的座次时，我国的传统作法是"以左为上"，即认为居左之位高于居右之位。当前，国内在举行会议及正式合影时，仍多沿用此法。 2.国际通行作法 并排排列座次时，国际上的通行作法是"以右为上"，即认为居右之位高于居左之位。在涉外场合，它已被广泛采用。 关于中国人的宴席座次礼仪 古代中国素有“礼仪之邦”之称，讲礼仪，循礼法，崇礼教，重礼信关于中国人的宴席座次礼仪 ，守礼仪，是中国人数千年的传统。“不学礼，无以立”，礼的核心是人的社会行为规范，是中国民众已经习惯和风俗化了的社会性行为准则、道德尺度与各种礼节。所谓“礼节民心，让则不争”；“衣食既足，礼让以兴”，礼就是个人利欲心的节制和人群利益的调度。讲礼，就是要谦恭退让，“礼”与“让”往往相连，这就是“礼让”一词的由来和义释。 中国最早的礼和最普泛、最重要的礼，可以说就是食礼，“夫礼之初，始诸饮食”，用食来敬神，表明“礼”是极隆重的事，并且是起源很早的。礼是以个人的文化学识与心性修养为基础的。检验一个人修养的最好场合，莫过于集群宴会了。因此，“子能食食，教以右手”（《礼记·内则》），家庭启蒙礼教的第一课便是食礼。而中国宴会繁缛食礼的基础仪程和中心环节，即是宴席上的座次之礼——“安席”。史载，汉高祖刘邦的发迹就缘于他于沛县令的“重客”群豪宴会上旁若无人“坐上坐”。当时还是“席地而坐”，“上坐”，乃宴席的“尊位所在”，亦即“席端”。这种宴席上的“上坐”，因坐制的饮食基础器具、几案、餐桌椅形制的历史演变而有时代的不同。两汉以前，“席南向北向，以西方为上”，即以面朝东坐为上。《史记·项羽本纪》中鸿门宴会的座次是一规范：“项王、项伯东向坐，亚父南向坐，亚父者，范增也。沛公北向坐，张良西向坐”，此即顾炎武所谓：“古人之坐，以东向为尊。”着是指的“室”内设宴的座礼。而在位于宫室主要建筑物前部中央坐北朝南的“堂”上，则是以南向为最尊，次为西向，再次为东向。隋唐以后，开始了由坐床向垂足高坐起居方式的转变，方型、矩型诸种形制餐桌均以齐备，座次利益也因之有新的改变。方桌以边长92.5厘米、高87.5厘米的“八仙桌”为代表，贵客专桌，等而下之可2人、3人、4人、6人或8人一桌。除专桌以外，两人以上者，一般为1:1主陪客制。圆桌是应聚宴人多和席面大的要求之运而生的。最初也让用惯了方桌的人们颇不顺应，正如袁枚《园几》诗所说：“让处不知谁首席，坐时只觉可添宾。” 圆桌成清中叶后饭店酒楼流行的餐台式样，今日家庭中亦普遍使用，尤为今日餐饮业及机关企业食堂的会宴用桌面。其座次一般是依餐厅或室的方位与装饰设计风格而定，或取向门、朝阳，或依厅室设计装饰风格所体现出的重心与突出位置设首位。通常服务员摆台时以口布折叠成花、鸟等造型，首位造型会非常醒目，使人一望而知。而隆重的大型宴会则往往在各餐台座位前预先摆放座位卡（席签），所发请柬上则标明与宴者的台号。这样或由司仪导入，或持柬按图索骥、对号入座，自然不易出错。

British food culture Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before. As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips. Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country. Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful. In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer. Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea. ---------------------------------------------------------------------英国的饮食文化 今天，人们在英国吃了更多样化的饮食比以往任何时候。以及区域饮食的英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士和北爱尔兰，许多移民社区介绍了他们的菜以前unadventurous英国人：中国，希腊，印度，意大利，泰国，美国快餐食品，如比萨饼，汉堡包和炸鸡已在一定程度上取代传统的快餐店的炸鱼和薯条。 由于气候和日耳曼起源及其早期的许多人，英国一直是传统上喝啤酒，而不是葡萄酒的饮用国。然而，近年来，葡萄园在英格兰南部的已证明是成功的。英格兰西部的传统饮料是苹果酒，而不是啤酒。英国作为一个整体，但是，传统的饮料是茶。

Because of Chinese and western philosophy, Western food science, nutrition as the supreme criterion, especially emphasis on the nutritional content of the food with the appropriateness, heat supply will be just perfect, and these nutrients can fully absorb food, with no other side effects. While the food color, fragrance, taste, is a requirement. Even in the west country -- France come first on the list of the diet, the diet culture although in many aspects and we approximate, but exposure to nutritional issues, the two sides will pull away. French cuisine is also the pursuit of delicious, but don't forget the" nutrition" this premise, want nutrition and delicious is that they do not take.Western cooking exquisite nutrition and ignore the taste, at least not to taste for the primary purpose of. They drink table, ice cold wine plus ice, while the distribution in the lingual surface of the gustatory nerve by a loss of taste sensitivity, greatly, gradually to taste; the bloody steak and white water, white water meat, boiled beans, boiled potatoes, although a bit".", but not in particular" channel".The Western diet on meat, raw food, cold food mainlyAnd Chinese diet eat cereal vegetable on the contrary, Western food meat, animal raw material. The Western diet, the mode of production to livestock, meat in the diet has been very high proportion. Arrived latter-day, cultivate proportion of course of study to increase, but the meat component remains significantly higher than chinese. As a result of natural delicious meat, cooking can be simple, so limit the Western cooking skills development. Europeans in the display when the rich, with many eating utensils to performance, utensils and the luxury to be about how much content. In addition, many western dining buffet, buffet, eating cold majority, and salad food is fresh.由于中西哲学思想的不同，西方人饮食重科学，以营养为最高准则，特别讲求食物的营养成分的搭配是否适宜，热量的供给是否恰到好处，以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。而菜点的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。法国烹调虽亦追求美味，但同时不忘“营养”这一大前提，舍营养而求美味是他们所不取的。西方烹调讲究营养而忽视味道，至少是不以味觉享受为首要目的。他们以冷饮佐餐，冰镇的冷酒还要再加冰块，而分布在舌表面的味觉神经一经冰镇，便大大丧失品味的灵敏度，渐至不能辨味；那带血的牛排与白水鱼、白水肉，白水煮豆子、煮土豆，虽有点“味”，但基本不入讲究的“道”。 西方饮食多以肉食、生食、冷食为主与中国饮食多食谷物蔬菜恰恰相反，西方多食荤腥，以动物性原料为主。西方的饮食，由于生产方式以畜牧为主，肉食在饮食中比例一直很高。到了近代，种植业比重增加，但是肉食的分量仍然大大高于中餐。由于肉食天然可口，简单烹饪即可，所以限制了西餐烹饪技艺的发展。欧洲人在显示富裕的时候，多用饮食的器具来表现，器皿的多少和豪华成为讲究的内容。另外，西方就餐方式多是自助餐、冷餐会，饮食中冷食居多，而色拉食品基本就是生食。