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1. 为什么要提出倒装句？ 英语倒装句在英语文章中随处可见，比如疑问句中，这类倒装句在学习语法时有讲解。但是，另一类倒装句，即文学作品中使用的倒装句，或者基于强调的目的使用的倒装句，这属于修辞学的范畴，一般语法书上鲜有提及，如果学习者把这种倒装用在考试中，估计直接给你判错！但是，我们学习英语的目的是为了阅读，交际，应用；如果不学习修辞学的倒装句，常常会给我们阅读海量的英语文章和书籍带来困扰，因此，有必要学习了解。 2. 倒装句基础知识和分类。 2.1 什么是倒装句？ 倒装句就是为了强调，突出等目的，而颠倒按文法规则或习惯用法的正常语序。例如—— (1) Not only is he difficult to understand, but he is also funny. (2) Never have I understood less about women. (3) Scarcely have they been on time. 2.2 倒装句格式。 倒装句主要有以下四种格式： (1) 将形容词置于其所修饰的名词之后( noun+adjective )(针对形容词置于名词之前的情况，严格讲形容词本可以放在名词之后) 。例如—— the soldier strong . (健壮的士兵。) (2) 谓语动词置于主语之前( verb+subject )。 例如—— shouts the policeman. (警察呼叫。) (3) 名词置于前置词之前( noun+preposition )。 例如—— worlds between. (之间的世界。) (4) 宾语置于主语和谓语之前 ( object+subject+verb )。 在英语中，有的倒装是文法结构的一部分，这种倒装的应用也相当普遍。例如，在疑问句中，动词( verbs )，或者辅助动词( auxiliaries )，或者帮助动词( helping verbs )置于主语之前。类似地，还有感叹句中的倒装，宾语置于主语和谓误之前，以wh-词置于句首引导。 例如—— What a beautiful picture it is! Where in the world were you! How wonderful the weather is today! 2.3 规范文法中使用倒装句的情况。 2.3.1 当我们使用一个否定副词或者副词短语在句子的开头以强调我们所表达内容的时候，要使用倒装句。 2.3.1.1 Never, Rarely, Seldom在句中使用倒装。 Never, rarely, 和 seldom 使用倒装来表达一种给定的情况的独特性。常常使用完成时并包括比较级。 例如—— (1) Never have I been more insulted! 我从来没有像现在这样被侮辱过! (2) Seldom has he seen anything stranger. 他从来没有遇见过比这更奇怪的东西。 (3) Rarely has someone been so wrong as you. 很少有人错得像你一样离谱。 2.3.1.2 Hardly, barely, no sooner, 和scarcely在句中使用倒装。 Hardly, barely, no sooner, 和 scarcely 在句中使用倒装，基于过去的事件有后续延展的情况。其强调的要点是一件事情完成之后另一件是如何紧接着发生。 例如—— (1) Scarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang. 我刚起床门铃就响了。 (2) No sooner had he finished dinner, when she walked in the door. 他刚只完饭，她就走进门来。 (3) Barely had I walked in the door when my dog came rushing to greet me. 我刚一进门，我的狗就冲过来迎接我。 2.3.1.3 only之后的表达式在句中使用倒装，例如 “only when”，“only as soon as”，“only then”，“not only…but”，“only in the way”，等。 “only” 用在各种各样的时间表达式中 ， 例如 ，“only when”，“only as soon as”，“only then”，“not only…but”，“Only later”， 等 。 其强调的要点是要清楚地理解某种状况时某件事情是多么的重要 。例如—— (1) Only then did I understand the problem. 真到那时我才明白这个问题。 (2) Only after understanding the situation does the teacher make a comment. 只有在了解情况后，老师才发表评论。 (3) Only when all the stars have gone out will I grasp the complexity of the universe. 只有当所有的星星都消失了，我才理解了宇宙的复杂性。 (4) Not only does he love chocolate and sweets but he also smokes. 他不仅喜欢巧克力和糖果，而且他还抽烟。 (5) Only later did she really think about the situation. 只是到了后来他才真正考虑了这种情况。 (6) Only in this way could John earn enough money to survive. 只有用这种方法约翰才能挣到足够的钱来生活。 2.3.1.4 在little之后的使用倒装。 “ little ”在否定句中使用倒装，目的在于强调某件事没有被完全理解 。倒如—— (1) Little did he understand the situation. 他几乎不了解当时的情况。 (2) Little have I read concerning nanotechnology. 我几乎没有读过有关纳米技术的书。 (3) Little was I aware that she was in town. 我一点儿也不知道她在城里。 2.3.1.5 so和such之后的使用倒装。 “so”用于形容词，而“such”用于名词。 I. “so” 的倒装结构 ："so + adjective ... that" 再与“to be”动词连接。例如—— (1) So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep. 情况如此奇怪，使用我夜不能寐。 (2) So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare. 这个考试太难了，学生需要三个月备考。 (3) So expensive was the ticket that we couldn't attend the show. 票价太贵，我们没能去看演出。 II.“such” 的倒装结构： “such + to be + noun ... (that): ”。例如—— (1) Such is the moment that all greats traverse. 所有伟人都经历过这样的时刻。 (2) Such is the stuff of dreams. 这就是梦想。 (3) Such are the days of our lives. 我们的日子就是这样。 2.3.1.6 在下面的情况下，倒装句出现在句子的第二部分。 (1) not until (直到……才) Not until I saw John with my own eyes did I really believe he was safe. 直到我亲眼见到了John，我才真正相信他是安全的。 (2) not since (自那以后……没有了) Not since Lucy left college had she had such a wonderful time. 自从Lucy大学毕业后，她就再也没有过这样愉快的时光。 (3) only after (只有在...以后) Only after I'd seen her flat did I understand why she wanted to live there. 直到看过她的公寓，我才明白她为什么想住在那里。 (4) only when (只有当…才能) Only when we'd all arrived home did I feel calm. 直到我们都回到家，我才感到平静。 (5) only by (只有当…才能) Only by working extremely hard could we afford to eat. 只有极其努力地工作，我们才能吃得上饭。 2.3.1.7 其它否定副词或副词短语。 (1) in no way (决不，一点也不) In no way do I agree with what you're saying. 我决不同意你所说的。 (2) on no account (决不) On no account should you do anything without asking me first. 没有事先问过我，你不要轻举妄动。 2.3.2 疑问句中用倒装。 疑问句中使用的倒装属于主谓倒装，属于分类中的第二种，用法最为常见。 I. 只有两个动词时态，有连系动词“to be”的情况。 现在时态：am I / are you / is he 过去时态：were you / was she II. 其它动词时态，我们需要改变主语和辅助动词的位置(如果有超过一个辅助动词，改变第一个辅助动词的位置)，无需改变其它动词的位置。 当前进行时: am I going / are you going 过去进行时: was he going / were they going 当前完成时: have we gone / has she gone 当前完成进行时: has she been going / have they been going 过去完成时: had you gone 过去完成进行时: had he been going 将来时态: will they go 将来进行时: will you be going 将来完成时: will they have gone 将来完成进行时: will she have been going 情态动词: should I go / would you go III. 有两种时态，我们需要加入“do/does/did”来完成倒装句。 无“to be”动词的当前时态：do you go / does he go 无“to be”动词的过去时态：did you go / did he go 2.3.3 条件格式的倒装。 有时候，条件格式使用倒装，以使其听起来更正式。在这种情况下，条件句被省略，if从句用倒装格式替代，常见有 if 被 were ， had ， should 等替代的场合。 (1) Had he understood the problem, he wouldn't have committed those mistakes. 如果他明白这些问题，他就不会犯这些错误。 (2) Should he decide to come, please telephone. 如果他决定来，请打电话。 (3) Had I known, I would have helped him. 假如我知道，我就会帮助他了。 2.4 修辞学中使用倒装句的情况。 陈了符合文法格式或习惯用法的倒装之外，在文学作品中，为了达到某种特殊的艺术效果，有的作者还使用了一些不常用的倒装句。 文学术语中还有一个对倒装的更为模糊的定义。倒装句还可以指 规则韵律 (regular meter)书写，并插入一个不属于这种模式的 韵律 (metrical foot)。例如，如果一个诗人用 长短格( iambic )五音步格 (pentameter)写作，并且在其中一行中使用 长短格 (trochee)而不是 抑扬格 (iamb) 五音步格 ，那就被认为是倒装句。Shakespeare的最著名诗行<>中有这样一个例子：“To be or not to be ; that is the quest ion.”这句诗行中有五个音步，有4个是长短格(iambs)。Shakespeare使用在“ that ”上强调而不是在“is”上强调的方式中断了长短格。这种类型倒装也称为 置换 (substitution)或 倒置法 (anaclasis)。 与所有的文学手段一样，倒装句在散文或诗歌中的主要作用是帮助作者达到文体效果，如强调某一点，或从某一点改变读者的焦点。在诗歌中，倒装句经常被用来创造韵律，韵律，或是线条的押韵，比小说中使用倒装更为普遍，因为非自然性的倒置很好地创造了一种诗意的轻快。下面举例说明—— (1) <
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在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装： I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。 He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。 She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 她几乎没时间听音乐。 He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。 We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。 【注意】 (1) 对于not…until句型，当not until…位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序： He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。 (2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装： On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。 In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。 但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序： In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序： Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。 Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。 Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装： So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。 So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。 当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构： You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。 She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。 If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。 【注意】 (1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor： You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。 She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。 (2) 注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别： "It was cold yesterday." "So it was." “昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。” "Father, you promised." "Well, so I did." “爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。”当not only…but also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式： Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。 Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句： Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。 Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。 Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你帮助，我会仍然无家可归。 【注意】省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词： Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱，我就会买它。表示地点的here和 there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词： Here’s Tom. 汤姆在这里。 There’s Jim. 吉姆在那儿。 Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。 There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。 【注意】 (1) 以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，即不能说 Here is coming the bus。 (2) 若主语为代词，则不倒装： Here I am. 我在这儿。/ 我来了。 Here it comes. 它来了。 (3) 其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)： There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。 Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 从前有个人名叫比夫。地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词： Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。 Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。 The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了，史密斯先生进了来。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。 【注意】 若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装： Away he went. 他跑远了。 Down it came. 它掉了下来。为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装： Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。 By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。 【注意】 在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较： In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。 In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装： Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。 Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。 To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。按英语习惯同，当“only+状语”位于句首时，其后句子要用部分倒装。如： Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。 Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。 Only in this way can our honour be saved. 只有这样，才能保住我们的荣誉。 Only then did I understand what she meant. 只有到那时我才明白她的意思。 Only after her death was I able to appreciate her. 只有到她死后我才认识到她的价值。 Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时,才知道出了什么事。 Only in this way can we learn English. 只有这样才能学会英语。 The pilot reassured the passengers. Only then did I realize how dangerous the situation had been. 飞机驾驶员要乘客们放心，这时我才明白刚才的情况有多危险。 Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard. 他只有叫喊才能让别人听到他。 Only when we landed did we see how badly the plane had been damaged. 我们只是在着陆之后才看到飞机损坏的严重程度。 Only on one point do I agree with you. 只有一点，我同意你的说法。 1. Only then _________ how much damage had been caused. A. she realized B. she had realized C. had she realized D. did she realize 2. Only after my friend came _________. A. did the computer repaired B. be repaired the computer C. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired 特别说明：有时命题者不是利用位于句首的“only+状语”来考查倒装，而是倒过来，利用给定的倒装结构来考查对only的选择。如下面一题(答案选A)： _________ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies. A. Only B. Just C. Still D. YetSo cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想象它的速度。 So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。 You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。 She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。 If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。 1. So difficult _________ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice. A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found 2. _________ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. A. so curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious 3. —It’s burning hot today, isn’t it?—Yes. _________ yesterday. A. So was it B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it 特别说明： (1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor。如： You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。 She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。 请看考题(答案选D)： Mary never does any reading in the evening, _________. A. so does John B. John does too C. John doesn’t too D. nor does John (2) 注意“So+助动词+主语”与表示强调或同意的“So+主语+助动词”的区别。如： “It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。” 请看考题(答案分别为CD)： 1. — Maggie had a wonderful time at the party. —_________, and so did I. A. So she had B. So had she C. So she did D. So did she 2.—Father, you promised! —Well, _________. But it was you who didn’t keep your word first. A. so was I B. so did I C. so I was D. so I did在“副词here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, away等、作状语或表语的介词短语或分词短语＋谓语动词＋主语”的倒装结构中，谓语动词的数由动词后面的主语决定。如： On the wall hang two maps. 墙上挂着两张地图。 On the wall hangs a world of map. 墙上挂着一张世界地图。 Here is your coat. 这是你的外套。 Here are your running-shoes. 这是你的跑鞋。 Such is the result. 结果就是这样。 Such are the results. 这就是结果。here 和 there 之后以及诸如 back, down, off, up 等一类的副词小品词之后，名词主语一般置于谓语之后。这类副词常与诸如 come 和 go 等转移动词一起连用。如： Here comes a taxi! There goes the last train! 有辆出租车来了! 最后一班火车开走了! (注意这里不可用进行时) Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑了起来。 当我们给人东西或确定位置时，这种倒装常用在be之后(主语往往是复数)。如： Here’s a cup of tea for you. 给你一杯茶。(给东西) Here’s your letters. 这儿有你的信。(给与或指明) There’s (重读) Johnny smith. 约翰尼·史密斯在那儿。(确定位置) 主语如是代词则不倒装。如： Here it comes. 它来了。 There she goes. 她走了。 Up it went. 它上去了。 Here you are. 给你。 There she is. 她在那儿。地点状语后面如有表示位置的动词 (如lie, live, sit, stand) 或转移的动词 (如come, go, rise)，用作主语的名词可以放在动词之后。这种情形主要出现在描写文中。如： At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel. 那座小教堂矗立在山顶上。 In the fields of poppies lay the dying soldiers. 罂粟地里躺着奄奄一息的士兵们。 别的动词如属被动语态也可以倒装。 In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以见到紫色的山。 主语如是代词则不能倒装： At the top of the hill it stood out against the sky. 它背衬青天矗立在山顶上。否定或近似否定副词(往往是时间或频度副词，如never, rarely, seldom)，或是具有否定作用的副词，如 little, on no account 等。如： Never / Seldom has there been so much protest against the Bomb. 这么强烈的反对原子弹的抗议活动从未 / 很少 / 有过。 Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他对这个会议的重要性不甚了了。 On no account must you accept any money if he offers it. 他如要给你钱，你可绝不能接受。 当这种副词不在句首时，当然应该用正常词序： There has never / seldom been so much protest against the Bomb. 从未 / 很少发生过这么强烈的反对原子弹的抗议活动。 He little realizes how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。 另外，有些含有否定意义的介词短语置于句首时，其后也要用倒装。如： In no case should you give up. 你绝不能放弃。 On no condition should we tell her about it. 我们绝不能把此事告诉她。 On no accounts must this switch be touched.这个开关是绝 不能触摸的。 In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。 Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. 你无论如何都不该把钱借给他。 No way will I go on working for that man. 我不再给那个人工作了。not only…but also…前后连接两个句子时，not only后的句子要用部分倒装，但but also后的分句不用倒装。如： Not only did he come, but he saw her. 他不仅来了，而且还见到了她。 Not only does she speak Spanish, (but) she also knows how to type. 她不但会说西班牙语，还会打字呢。 Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。 Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。 Not only did they present a musical performance, but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments. 他们不但做了音乐表演，而且简短地介绍了西方铜管乐器的历史。so / neither / nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，其句型是：so / neither / nor+特殊词+主语。使句此句型需注意以下几点：①内容是肯定时，用so，内容是否定时，用neither或nor；②“特殊词”与前句中的情态动词、助动词或be相同，或根据前句的时态，用do, does, did；③“特殊词”的人称和数与其后的主语一致；④“特殊词”本身没有否定形式。如： You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。 She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。 If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。 You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。 She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。在so... that…结构中，若将so+adj. / adv. 置于句首，则其后的主句要用部分倒装。如： So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 So much did they eat that they could not move for the next hour. 他们吃得太多了，一个小时都动弹不得。 So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 他讲话声音那么大，隔壁屋里的人都听得见。 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法像它的速度。 So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。 类似地，当such…that…结构的such…置于句首时，such后的句子也要使用部分倒装。如： Such a nice man did he seem that we all believe him. 他像个很和蔼的人，所以我们都喜欢他。有时为了强调或者为了使句子平衡或者为了使上下文连接得更加紧密，就将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首，谓语动词也常置于主语前，构成完全倒装。如： By the door stood an armed guard. 门口站着一名手持武器的士兵。 At the next table was a pretty girl waiting for someone. 隔壁桌上坐着一个等人的漂亮姑娘。 Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。 By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。 At the front of the book is a table of contents, giving details of what is in the book. 书的前部有目录，详列了书中的内容。as作“虽然”解，引导让步状语从句时，必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。此时应注意几点：一是若提前的表语是没有形容词修饰的单数可数名词，要省略不定冠词；二是若提前的是动词原形(多为不及物动词)，与之连用的通常是may, might, will, would等，且这些词都要保留在原来的位置上(主语后)；三是though有时也可像as这样使作倒装。如： Tired as I was, I tried to help them. 虽然我很累，我还是努力帮助他们。 Try as he would, he couldn’t open the door. 他试过多次了, 却仍打不开那门。 Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。 Hard as (though) they tried, they couldn’t make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。 Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 他虽是个男孩，但举止却像个女孩。有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装。如： Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。 Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。 To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。
