英语主谓一致讲解

1 定义  1.1 在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，就叫主谓一致。  2 用法三原则  2.1 语法一致原则  2.1.1 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：The number of books he has surprises us all. (主语为单数形式的number) / Jack and I are good friends. (主语为复数形式的Jack and I)  2.2 意义一致原则  2.2.1 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The team are all from South China. (team虽为单数形式，但意指全体队员，所以谓语用复数)  2.2.2 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：Physics is his favourite subject. (physics虽为复数形式，但意指物理学科，所以谓语用单数) 2.3 就近原则  2.3.1 谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，either…or, neither…not, not only…but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。如：Neither he nor they are able to finish the job on time. / Neither they nor he is able to finish the job on time.  3 代词作主语  3.1 名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：Your trousers are black and mine are yellow. / Your pencil is long and mine is short.  3.2 such, the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如：Such is his idea. / Such are his words.  3.3 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He who is standing under the tree is my father. / The students who are standing under the tree are from America.  3.4 疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如：Which apple do you like? / Which apples do you like?  3.5 不定代词any, either, neither, none, all some, more等作主语时，谓语多用单数。有时也用复数，要看不定代词所指是否为复数。如：All has changed here. / All are present for the meeting now.  4 数词或表量的名词作主语  4.1 “分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of +名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语，例如：Lots of deputies will be invited to the conference. / Lots of milk was dumped as waste during the Depression.  4.2 a great deal of只能后接不可数名词，谓语用单数形式。如：A great deal of money has been invested in building the new road.  4.3 表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，例如：One and a half teaspoonfuls is just enough for me. 其中，one and a half teaspoonfuls也可以表达为：one teaspoonful and a half。  4.4 a number of（许多）与the number of（...的数量）。两者都是后接可数名词的复数，但前者的谓语用复数形式，后者的谓语用单数形式。如：A number of teachers went on strike yesterday. / The number of the teachers who went on strike yesterday was amazing.  4.5 an amount of（许多）与the amount of（...的数量）。两者只能后接不可数名词，而且谓语都用单数形式。如：An amount of water is wasted every year. / The amount of water which is wasted every year is amazing.  5 名词作主语  5.1 某些集体名词作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The group is a happy one. / The group are on holiday now.  5.2 某些集体名词，如people, police, cattle等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。如：The cattle are what they rely on for a living.  5.3 单、复数同形的名词主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如：A deer is wandering in the bush. / Deer are claimed to be the king's property.  5.4 名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。如：The butcher's is just around the corner.  5.5 不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl wants to go for an outing in the woods. 5.6 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等+名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：A pair of shoes is a must for everyone.  5.7 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。如：Five kilometers is a long way to go for school.  5.8 如果主语有more than one…或many a…构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。但是，“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如：Many a book has been sold out these days. / More books than one have been sold out these days.  5.9 在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：Between the two rivers lies a small village.  5.10 用and或both…and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如：Jack and Mary are both from France. / A knife and fork is a must for a meal in America.  5.11 当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由这些单词或短语前的名词或代词的单复数来决定。如：The teacher as well as the students is ready for the trip.  5.12 以or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接的名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如：Either Tim or his brothers have to water the garden. / Either his brothers or Tim has to water the garden.  6 名词化的形容词或过去分词作主语  6.1 如果主语由“the+形容词（或过去分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。如：The poor are not inferior to the rich before law.  6.2 少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。如：The departed was a very good neighbour.  7 从句作主语  7.1 由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，例如：What we need is more fresh water. / What we need are more children's books.    7.2 在“one of+复数名词++who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。如：It is one of the most boring films that have been made. / It is the only one of the films that interests me.

主谓一致就指的是主语和谓语动词在人称、单复数、阴阳性、格（主格、宾格、予格、所有格等）等语法范畴中保持一致。

主谓一致的基本原则主谓一致有以下三条原则：1)语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。例如：The students are very young．This picture looks beautiful．2)意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式；而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词也采取单数形式。1.The people in that country are fighting for independence．2.The crowd deeply respect their leader． 3.Three years in a strange land seems a long time．3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。例如：Neither he nor I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy．2．主谓一致的用法根据以上三条原则，主谓一致有如下用法：1)下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式a．表示时间、重量、长度、价值的名词作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：1.Two hundred miles is a long distance．2.Ten dollars is a high price for that book．b．由anyone，anything，anybody，no one，nothing，everyone，everybody，everything，someone，somebody，each，either，neither等不定代词作主语，谓语动词使用单数形式。例如：1.Someone is knocking at the door．2.Anything is better than going to the movie tonight．c．由“a series of，a kind of，a portion of +名词”作主语，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：A series of debates is scheduled to be held next week．d．由“many a，more than one +单数名词”作主语，尽管意义上表示复数，但谓语动词仍采用单数形式。例如：Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break．There is more than one answer to your question．e．“名词+and+名词”作主语，表示同一人、同一概念或事物时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：A writer and educator is giving a lecture now．(这个人既是作家又是教育家)f．"either (neither) + of +复数名词(或代词)"作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：1.If either of you takes a vacation now，we will not be able to finish the work．2.Neither of them wants to come．g．在each…and each…，every…and every…等结构之后，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Each man and each woman has the right to vote．h．动词不定式、动名词或分句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：What I want to say is none of your business．Listening to the classical music is enjoyable．i．以-ics结尾的复数名词指一门学科时，如politics(政治学)，mathematics(数学)，statistics(统计学)，acoustics(声学)，linguistics(语言学)等，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Mathematics is what he majors in．2)下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式取决于of后的名词。a．由“a11，none，no，most，half，the last，the rest，the remainder+of+名词”等不定代词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式由of后名词的单复数而定。例如：None of the food is wasted．None of the students were absent．The rest of the lecture was dull．The rest of the bikes were on sale yesterday．b．由"lots of，heaps of，loads Of，scads of +名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数形式由of后名词的单复数而定。例如：Lots of work is to be done this week.Lots of people are going to swim this afternoon．There is loads of milk on the farm．There are loads of big red apples on the ground．There is heaps of fun．c．由“分数或百分数十of +名词或代词”作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于of后名词或代词的单复数形式。例如：Three-quarters of the area is cultivated.Ninety percent of the students have passed the exam．3)下列结构作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式根据意义而定。a．由“the+形容词” 这种结构作主语，根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果表示一类人 (如the rich，the poor，the blind，the deaf，the sick，the young，the old)，谓语动词用复数形式；如果表示个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The blind are taught trades in special schools． (表示一类人)The good in him overweighs the bad． (表示抽象概念)The departed was a good friend of his． (表示个人)b．family，crowd，committee，class，audience，group，government，team，public，majority，minority等集合名词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式应根据意义而定。例如：The family like to listen to the music．(the family指这家人，用作复数)The family is small．(the family指这个家庭，用作单数)The committee has considered your proposal．(the committee指委员会，用作单数)The committee were arguing for an hour before they gave their votes． (the committee指委员会的委员们，用作复数)下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般单复数均可。a. 以数词为名词词组中心词作主语时，谓语动词一般单复数均可。例如：Five and six make／makes eleven．Seven times ten are seventy．但是：Twenty from thirty leaves ten． Six sevens are forty-two.b．由"one in／out of +名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。例如：One in ten were／was present．下列结构作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。由and或both…and连接两个单数形式的名词词组作主语时，一般谓语动词用复数形式。例如：A girl and a boy want to go．Both rice and wheat are grown in that country．6)下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式视具体情况而定。a．由as well as，together with，besides, like，along with，with but，except，accompanied by，rather than，including连接两个名词作主语，谓语单复数形式应由连接词前的名词而定。例如：The president of the college，together with the deans，is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations．The young mother with her two children is coming now．The plant manager，like many technicians，is experienced in designing new products．b．“名词+of+名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数形式跟of前的名词一致。例如：The picture of the children brings back many memories of my past experiences．The effects of cigarette smoking have been proved to be extremely harmful．c．由not only…but also，either…or，neither…nor或or连接的并列主语，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。例如：He or you have taken my pen．Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it．One or two days are enough to visit the city.d．there be句型中的谓语动词单复数形式一般取决于其后的真正主语的单复数形式。例如：There is a garden in front of the house．There are two things I'd like to say here．7)关于几对容易混淆词组的一致用法a．由"this／that kind／type of +名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；而由"these／those kind／type of +复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：1.This kind of apples is highly priced．2.Those kind(s) of tests are good． b．由“a number of，a total of，an average of +复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由“the number of，the total of，the average of +复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：A number of students are waiting for the bus．The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.c．one of，the (only) one of的一致用法This is one of the books that have been recommended．This is the (only) one of the books that has been recommended．3．前后呼应的用法1)当everyone，everybody，no one，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，everything，anything，something，nothing等用作主语时，其相应的代词一般用单数形式。例如：If anybody calls，tell him that I'm out．Something strange happened，didn't it?Every passenger has to carry his own luggage．2)人称代词与名词的呼应：人称代词I (me)，he (him)，she (her)，it (it)都是代替前面的单数名词，而they (them)，we (us)则是代替复数名词的，you既可以代表单数，也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候，用he或one来表示。例如：If a young person enters a classical music field only for money，he is in the wrong profession．The leaves of the red maple are highly poisonous to horses and when ingested can kill them within fifteen hours。3)物主代词与名词的呼应：my，our，his，her，its，their要与代替的名词在数上一致。例如：The welfare department，as well as the other social services，will have its budget cut．Delphins are warm-blooded；that is，their body temperature always stays about the same，regardless of the surroundings．4)反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应。Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.Everybody clings to this illusion about himself．I have just been out to get myself a cup of tea．5)指示代词与所代名词间的呼应：this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词，these和those指代复数名词 (those还可以用作先行词，引导定语从句，表示“那些人”)。例如：She invited all those who had been her former colleagues．The amount of the pressure caused by the weight of a column of fluid is determined by the height of this column．6) much和much of后接不可数名词，而many和many of后接可数名词的复数。例如：There is not much coal left．A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake．7)表示量的词后面有的接可数名词，有的接不可数名词。接可数名词的有：a number of，a range of，a series of十复数名词；接不可数名词的有：a great deal of，an amount of十不可数名词；既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有：a lot of，a variety of。例如：1.The government attached a great deal of importance to education．2.Quite a number of women applied for this job．3.The college library has a variety of books．4.An apple is a variety of fruit．5.A wide range of disorders can affect the human muscular system．

主谓一致，就是谓语的形式(单数还是复数)要和主语的形式(单数还是复数)保持一致。单数主语用三单形式谓语，复数形式主语用动词原形(也就是所谓复数形式)