霍金的故事英文

Stephen William Hawking, Cambridge University, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Professor of the most important family of general relativity and cosmology, is the international reputation of one of the greats, known as the greatest living scientists, but also Known as the "king of the universe. " 70 years together with his proof of the famous Penrose singularity theorem, for which they jointly received the 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics. He therefore regarded as the world, after following the Einstein's most famous philosophers of science and the most outstanding theoretical physicist. He also proved that the black hole area theorem, that is, the increase over time diminished the area of the black hole. It is naturally the area of the black hole entropy and thermodynamics of the linked Hawking hopes unlock the mysteries of the universe at its birth, the 1970s, Stephen Hawking used quantum mechanics to explain the phenomenon of black holes, but after 30 years, with the entire universe interpretation of quantum mechanics has become more difficult. Hawking wanted to find a perfect explanation for the phenomenon of the universe 13.7 billion years theory to explain the birth of the universe until now, but years later he still did not even infinitely close to a conclusion. According to his theory of quantum mechanics, the birth of the universe is a large explosion, which is a small but infinitely compressed material with a large gravity (density can also be interpreted as infinite) product of the explosion. Theoretical aspects of quantum mechanics can not explain how this process? Why? Hawking said, "That must be a small-scale gravity can be described in theory." The latest scientific breakthrough is Hawking's colleagues at Queen Mary College London, Mike Green (Michael. Green) involved in construction of the superstring theory, referred to as "string theory", this theory suggests that all particles and forces of nature, in fact, are in shock the same as the string of small objects, Hawking has tried to solve the answers to the problem of gravity, the theory must be established in the universe must be greater than 9,10 or even 11 dimensions, while three-dimensional world we live in may The real universe is just one of the many films from around the world ... the current space and Earth scientists are doing related experiments to prove string theory and from experiment to prove Hawking's black holes to support the theory and quantum theory. July 21, 2004, in Dublin, Ireland at the "17th International Conference of General Relativity and Gravitation", the Hawking approach to a 180-degree turn, and said he had the wrong point of view, information should be conserved. He announced new study of black holes the universe: black holes is not, as he and most other physicists previously thought, everything around them "completely swallowed", in fact, the material sucked into the depths of some of the black hole information may actually be released at some point: information conservation. The reason is the black hole like the previous too idealistic, and the black hole thermal radiation would also like too idealized. However, Hawking has been no rigorous proof is given to support his new ideas. Thorn said that the matter can not be a man by the Hawking final say, he still insisted on the views of the information is not conserved. Puri Sharansky said Hawking's speech did not understand, do not understand why they won. At present, this involves sensitive issues based on quantum theory is far from resolved.The theoretical study of black holes beyond the black hole itself, which not only touched by the information difficult cornerstone of quantum theory - the unitary, and opened a new chapter in the nature of time.20th century 60's to 80's, black hole research has made significant progress. Initially thought to be a dead black hole stars, what can fall into, but do not run out of anything. 1974, Hawking proved that black holes are temperature, there is radiation. Hawking radiation of black holes and Hawking found that I have become a household name.After 80 years of the 20th century, the focus gradually shifted from the black hole of temperature shift information paradox. It has long been aware that the black hole to lose the external observer falling into a black hole to form black holes and, later, almost all the material information, which is the "no hair theorems." The famous "Hawking radiation" theory. The so-called "Mao" means "information." Only the total mass of the black hole, the total charge and angular momentum of three "hair" can be outside Discovery. People initially thought, although the external observer can not ascertain information on material inside a black hole, but that information does not disappear from the universe, but hidden in the black hole interior. After the discovery of Hawking radiation, people know the material in the final black hole will be fully converted into thermal radiation, and thermal radiation hardly any information out. Thus, the formation and material falling into the black hole of information from the disappearance of the universe, information is no longer conserved, not only the conservation of baryon number, lepton number conservation and other laws no longer hold, the unitary nature of quantum theory will also be destroyed. Faced with such a serious theoretical difficulties, physicists engaged in a fierce debate. Most physicists believe that conservation of information theory, the unitary believe the cornerstone of the quantum theory will not be destroyed. In short, the information should be conserved. Hawking and Thorne, represented by the theory of relativity experts believe that the information is not necessarily conserved, unitary nature may be destroyed completely. To this end, Hawking and Thorne firmly believe that information with the conservation of Puri Sharansky bet."This theory beginning from the birth of trouble: many scientists insist it with the" law of conservation of information "are contradictory. This degree known as the" black hole paradox. "