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四个加入英语语法

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小林绿子UUU

您要大家举例的都是英语中最基本、最简短的句型,虽然已经回答了您的问题,但还是希望您自己能举一反三,否则您的英语很难进步,所以每个句型我只说几个最复杂、最常见的例子,其它的您自己琢磨吧。1、祈使句+or/and+陈述句这种句型从or和and就可以看出:前者是选择关系,后者是并列句。Do something hard (by) yourself, or you will never be in command of English language.2、主语+联系动词+表语这种句型重要的是明白link verb(连接动词)有哪些,以及什么词可以作表语。严格地说,“联系动词”和“表语”这些语法词汇的翻译其实是不准确的。My grandmother was goneIt appears dead3、主语+不及物动词这种情况就是动词后面"不用"接宾语或"不能"接宾语I sleep;He died.4、主语+谓语+宾语这个最简单,稍微懂英文的都能举例,实际上就是汉语的思维。I hate laziness from someone else.5、主语+谓语+宾语从句宾语从句就是在宾语后面用个句子作定语进一步描述一下其特征。He is my friend (who/whom/that)I haven't seen for a long time.6、主语+谓语+间接宾语 + 直接宾语简单理解起来,间接宾语就是近处这一对象(人或物),直接宾语就是相对远处的某个对象(主要是物或事情)。当然,从逻辑上讲,直接宾语是谓语动词直接作用的对象,而间接宾语只是媒介(中间物)。I buy her a drinkHe teach me a lesson7、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 宾语补足语和宾语从句的区别非常明显:前者作状语(补充、描述或说明),后者作定语(修饰、界定或限制)You come here to ask all kinds of question;I saw him running all the way;I send him back home.

330 评论(14)

小菜菜菜菜子

首先是词法:一,名词二,限定词三,冠词(Article)四,代词五,数词六,动词然后是句法:一、一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。 二、 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去) 注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗? used to / be used to used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。 三、 一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 返回动词的时态目录 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.返回动词的时态目录 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排) 一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。 2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如: I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗? 四、 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。 返回动词的时态目录 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。 2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了) Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了) Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如: This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 (1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。 (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。) 注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如: I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。 2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。 3) since +从句。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如: It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 返回动词的时态目录 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如: He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如: He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。 2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。 五、 过去完成时 1) 概念:表示过去的过去 ----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2) 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如: She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如: When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。 c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如: We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如: He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如: I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。 had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如: He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。 用一般过去时代替过去完成时 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如: When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。 2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如: When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如: Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 六、 将来完成时 1) 构成will have done 2) 概念 a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如: They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。 b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如: You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。 七、 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法: a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如: Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如: The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如: You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 不用进行时的动词 1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如: I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如: You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 八、 过去进行时 1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。 3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如: My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。 典型例题 1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。 2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。

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Nichkhunnie

一、 一般现在时1.概念:表示经常发生的情况;有规律出现的情况;总是发生的;和事实真理。 2.时间状语: Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays(on Mondays …), 3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式) 4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。 6.例句:It seldom snows here.这里很少下雪。 He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助别人。 Action speaks louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。二、 一般过去时1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构:主语+动词或be的过去时+名词 4.否定形式:主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。 6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。 I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。三、 一般将来时1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语:Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构:主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其它;主语+will/shall + do+其它 4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are not going to do ;主语+will/shall not do+其它 5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。 {首字母大写} 6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他们将有一场比赛和我们一起研究。 It is going to rain.天要下雨了。四、 一般过去将来时1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语:The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 3.基本结构:主语+was/were +going to + do+其它;主语+would/should + do+其它 4.否定形式:主语+was/were+not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。 6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。 I asked who was going there.我问,谁要去那里。五、 现在进行时1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语:Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen 3.基本结构:主语+be +doing +其它 4.否定形式:主语+be +not +doing+其它 5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。 6.例句:How are you feeling today?你今天感觉如何? He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。六、 过去进行时1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其它 4.否定形式:主语+was/were + not +doing+其它 5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写) 6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。 When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时,我正在读报纸。七、 将来进行时1.概念:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示询问、请求等。 2.时间状语:Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,in two days, tomorrow evening 3.基本结构:主语+shall/will + be +现在分词+其它 4.否定形式:主语+shall/will + not + be +现在分词+其它 5.例句:This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的这个时间,他们正坐在电影院。 He won’t be coming to the party.他不去参加聚会了。八、 过去将来进行时1.概念:表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,主要用于宾语从句中,尤其多用于间接引语中。 2.基本结构:should/would + be +现在分词 3.例句:They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将要来。 He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会。九、 现在完成时1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语:yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点,for+时间段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构:主语+have/has +p.p(过去分词)+其它 4.否定形式:主语+have/has + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它 5.一般疑问句:have或has放句首。 6.例句:I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。 The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年,农村发生了巨大的变化。十、 过去完成时1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语:Before, by the end of last year (term, month…), etc. 3.基本结构:主语+had + p.p(过去分词)+其它 4.否定形式:主语+had + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它 5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。 6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。 By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books.到上个月底。我们已经复习了四本书。 基本结构:主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其它 ①肯定句:主语+ had+p.p(过去分词)+其它 ②否定句:主语+ had+ not+p.p(过去分词)+其它 ③一般疑问句:Had+主语+p.p(过去分词)+其它 ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句十一、 将来完成时1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态 2.时间状语:by the time of; by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来) 3.基本结构:主语+be going to/will/shall + have+p.p(过去分词)+其它 4例句:By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回来的时候,就将发生巨大的变化。十二、 过去将来完成时1.概念:表示在过去某一时间对将来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作,常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去的事实相反。 2.基本结构:should/would have done sth. 3.例句:I thought you'd have left by this time.我想这会儿你已经走了。 He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。十三、 现在完成进行时1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。 2.基本结构:主语+have/has +been +doing+其它 3.时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。 4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.我已经在这里坐了一个小时。 The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.从6点起,孩子们一直看电视。十四、 过去完成进行时1.概念:表示某个正在进行的动作或状态,持续到过去某个时刻,还未完成,一直持续到之后的当前才结束。 2.基本结构:主语+ had + been + doing +其它 3.例子:She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。 Had they been expecting the news for some time?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧? 4.特殊含义:①尚未完成:He had been writing the novel.他已经在写小说了。(他没写完) ②企图:He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾经学习过这个谚语。(他曾努力学习过它) ③未得结果:We had been studying what our enemy had said.我们一直致力于敌人所说的。(但是我们没有理解) ④最近情况:He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一场架。(最近) ⑤反复动作:He had been asking me the same question.他一直问我相同的问题。(屡次) ⑥情绪:What had he been doing?他做了什么?(不耐烦)十五、 将来完成进行时1.概念:表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去,要视上下文而定。 2.基本结构:shall/will have been doing 3.例子:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底,我将在这个工厂工作20年了。 If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们如不快一点儿,等我们到了那儿,店门就会关了。十六、 过去将来完成进行时1.概念:表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。 2.基本结构:should/would + have + been +现在分词 3.例子:He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告诉我,到年底时,他就在那住了30年了。宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有对测试的小意见? Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? 4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 不同时态。例如: he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) 当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有对测试的小意见? Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? 4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 不同时态。例如: he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) 当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。

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