商标法全英文

英日对照翻译的美国知识产权法介绍，希望对你有用アメリカ知财戦略の基础知识(BASICS OF US IP STRATEGY) Four Types of Intellectual Property（4种类の知的财产権）Patents （特许）Trademarks（商标）Copyright（著作権）Trade Secrets（トレードシークレット）What is Patent?（特许とは何か）Definition of patent（特许の定义）The right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the invention throughout the United StatesLimitations of patent（特许権の限界）Geographical（地理的限界）A patent issued by one country cannot be enforced in another – the inventor or its assignee must apply in each country in which patent protection is desiredTime（时间的限界）A patent is enforceable for a limited period; 20 years from filing date for most types, 14 years for any new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufactureWhat is patentable?（何が特许の対象となるか）Processes（プロセス、方法）Apparatus（机械）Manufactured goods（制品）Compositions of matters （组成物）(such as chemical compounds)What are the requirements?（特许要件は何か）An invention must beNovel （新规性）non-obvious（非自明性）Useful（有用性）One Year Time Limits for Filing in US（1年间のアメリカにおける特许出愿期间）An application must be filed within one year of the earliest of any of the following:the date that the invention is offered for sale or sold in the United States. the date that the invention is used in public in the United States; the date that the invention is published anywhere in the world; Steps for Obtaining a Patent in US（特许取得までの流れ）Consulting with a patent attorney Conducting a patentability search on the inventionPreparing a disclosure of the inventionPreparing and filing patent application in the US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO)Examination by PTO and PTO’s office actionPublication in 18 months after filing dateSubmitting responsesNotice of Allowance by PTO and payment of an issue feeIssuance of patentWho Owns an Invention?（谁が発明の所有者か）Between employer and employee（雇用者と従业员间）Without written assignment or implied-in-fact assignment (in the case that an employee was hired for the specific purpose of the invention), an employee owns the inventionEmployer obtains only a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the invention （Shop Right）Importance of a written assignment agreement Who Owns an Invention? （谁が発明の所有者か）Between co-inventors or co-developers（共同発明家、开発者间）Without an agreement, each joint inventor or each joint developer has a full right to the inventionTwo companies end up as joint owners of the invention and any resulting patentEach company may use it freelyImportance of a written agreement regarding which party owns it, how they can use the invention, how they can exploit the invention, and how they will share profitWhat is a Trade Secret?（トレードシークレットとは何か）Information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program device, method, technique, or process, that are protected by trade secret law.Such as know-how (e.g.manufacturing techniques); business information (e.g. new product information, business methods, source of supply, customers lists, and even knowledge of a particular customer’s needs), and ideas (e.g. innovations relating to new technology and manufacturing methods). Example:CoCa Cola Formula(コカコーラの原液の组成）Three Conditions for Protection（保护のための3つの要件）The information must not be “generally known” or “readily ascertainable” through proper means. （一般に知られていないこと）The information must have “independent economic value” due to its secrecy. （秘密にすることに経済的価値があること）The trade secret holder must use reasonable efforts under the circumstances to protect the secrecy of the information.（秘密を守ることに合理的な努力をしていること） Reasonable Measures to Keep Secret（秘密を守る合理的な方法）A trade secret holder must use “reasonable measures under the circumstances” to protect the confidentiality of the information. Two Protection Measures （2种类の保护制度）Two broad categories of measures that a business can take to protect the secrecy of its trade secrets:physical security measures （物理的秘密保护制度）, andnotice measures（通知による秘密保护制度）. Physical security measures prevent people who do not need to know the information from coming in contact with the information (e.g., confidentiality barriers). Notice measures put persons who come in contact with the information on notice that the information is to remain secret.Physical Security Measures（物理的秘密保护制度）A business should:determine how information flows into, through and out of the business; place physical security barriers wherever reasonable; and seek to preclude access by all those who do not need to know the information. Notice Measures （通知による秘密保护制度）Generally, an employee will not be held responsible for keeping information confidential if the employer has not expressed any desire to keep the information confidential. Therefore, all employees (and others) with access to confidential information should be given express notice as to what information is to remain confidential. Notice Measures （通知による秘密保护制度）Choose procedures that will be easy to show to a court (i.e., leave a paper trail wherever possible). Any communication that identifies either what information is confidential or how to handle confidential information will work as a notice measure (e.g., employee handbooks, memorandum,, newsletters, and signs).Notice Measures （通知による秘密保护制度）Non-Disclosure Agreement（秘密保持契约） Should be SignedTrade secrets are often lost through disclosures in the absence of a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA). NDA for EmployeesNDA for Business Partner Trade Secret Protection （トレードシークレットの保护内容）Trade secret law prevents misappropriation (i.e., wrongful taking of trade secret information).A wrongful taking can occur in a variety of manners. For example, the taking of information would be wrongful when the taking is a: breach of contract, breach of fiduciary obligation, theft, or other legal wrong. Injunctive Relief and DamagesPatent vs. Trade Secret（特许とトレードシークレット）Patent advantages(特许の长所）Perfect exclusivity – you can stop others from using the invention even if others independently developed the inventionPatent disadvantages（特许の短所）Limited period of protectionDiscloses technologyPatent vs. Trade Secret （特许とトレードシークレット）Trade secret advantages（トレードシークレットの长所）Unlimited period of protectionInventions maintained in secrecyTrade secret disadvantages（トレードシークレットの短所）Cannot stop others form using the invention if it was independently developed by the others or if it was discovered by reverse engineering.Easily lost if it is disclosed to publicA third-party patentee could stop a trade secret owner from performing a trade secret, even if the trade secret owner invented (but never disclosed) firstWhat is Copyright?（著作権とは何か）A Copyright is an intellectual property right to protect the tangible expression of ideas（具体的な考えの表现）, not to protect an idea itself.For example, a copyright protects an author of a book from having the work copied but does not protect the author from having the ideas disclosed in the book utilized.Subject Matter of Copyright（著作権の対象） (1) literary works（文芸著作物）; (2) musical works, including accompanying words（音楽著作物）; (3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music（演剧著作物）; (4) pantomimes and choreographic works（舞踏振り付けの著作物）; (5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works（図画雕刻著作物）; (6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works（动画视聴覚著作物）; (7) sound recordings（录音著作物）; and (8) architectural works（建筑著作物）.Subject Matter of Copyright （著作権の対象） Computer Programs/Software（コンピュータープログラム、ソフトウエア－）: Prior to 1980 courts generally viewed computer programs as literary works protected by copyright as literary works. A 1980 amendment to the Copyright Act extended copyright protection to computer programs, which it defined as “a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer to bring about a certain result.”Subject Matter of Copyright （著作権の対象） Derivative Works（派生著作物） A “derivative work” is a work based upon preexisting material to which enough original creative work has been added so that the new work represents an original work of authorship. Examples of a derivative work include an English translation of a book written in Japanese, a movie based on a book, and a jazz version of a pop song. Remaking right (リメーク権） is one type of copyrights to derivative works. How to obtain a Copyright（著作権の取得方法） A copyright starts to exist as soon as a work of expression is rendered in some fixed, tangible form, such as a book, word processor file, audio recording, digital recording, etc.A registration is not required for a valid US copyright.How to obtain a Copyright （著作権の取得方法） Two Requirements of Copyrightability(著作権の2要件） (1) Fixation（固定性）. The work must be fixed in a tangible medium of expression. That means it must be reduced to some physical form or representation “sufficiently permanent or stable to permit it to be perceived, reproduced or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration.”How to obtain a Copyright （著作権の取得方法） (2) Originality（独创性）. There are two aspects to originality – independent creation and a modest quantum of creativity:A. Independent Creation（独立した创造）. This condition is met if the work was not copied from another work. This condition does not require the work to be new, novel, or unique.B. Quantum of Creativity（わずかの创造性）. This condition is met if the work demonstrates a minimal amount of creative authorship. Artistic merit or aesthetic value is not required.很遗憾字数超过了 你给我邮箱吧

版权法 [简明汉英词典]copyright law

言一知产一、无含义英文的审查标准两个无含义的英文商标，首字母不同，一般判定为不近似商标。1.首字母相同，其他字母变换顺序三个不同字母组成的英文商标，首字母相同，其他字母变换顺序，20%-30%审查员会判定为近似。如：”SOM“与“SMO”如果是四个字母，判定为近似的几率会有所上升，大约有40%的审查员会判定为近似，如：“SOMI”与“SOIM”五个以上字母，这种类型的差别，一般会判定为近似商标。2.变换一个字形相近的字母字形相近的字母有：C与G、O与Q、I与L等。三个字母的英文，只有一个字母不同，且字形相近，若发生在首字母，80%的审查员判定为不近似。若发生在后两位字母，则视表现形式的近似度，有可能判定为近似商标。如：“CTI”与“GTI”（一般会判定为不近似）“CTI”与“CTL”（前者第三字母为“i”的大写）（一般判定为不近似）“cti”与“ctl“（后者第三字母为“L”的小写）（一般判定为近似）由此可见，商标的表现形式，对商标审查结论的影响至关重要。3.增加一个字母三个字母组成的英文，若增加一个不同的字母，80%的审查员会判定为不近似。若增加一个重复的字母，80%的审查员会判定为近似。如：”SOM“与”SOMS“（一般判定为不近似）”SOM“与“SOOM”（一般判定为近似）四个及四个以上字母组成的无含义英文，若在末尾增加一个“S” 或者增加一个重复的字母，80%的审查员会判定为近似。英文字母越多，近似商标所容纳的不同字母越多，具体情况审查员会依据英文的整体差别，在标准范围内做出主观判断。举例说明：“CAROLFLEX”与“CARPOFLEX”这个例子中，两个商标第四位、第五位字母都不相同，但因为字母较多，所以整体看上去无太大差别，所以这两件商标为近似商标。二、有含义英文的审查标准英文审查首先要看它是否有含义，若有含义，要一并审查其中文翻译。有多个含义的优先审查其常用含义，同时审查其在金山词霸翻译中的第一含义。1.两个都有含义的英文，中文含义不同，字母差别不大，或者中文含义相同，字母差别很大，审查员一般判定为不近似。如：“HORSE”（马）与“HOUSE”（房子）（字母仅差一个，但是含义相差甚远，一般判定为不近似商标）”Eagle“与“HAWK”（同译为“鹰”）英文含义相同，字母差别巨大，读音也不同，一般判定为不近似。这两个商标都译为“鹰”，所以一般会与汉字的“鹰”、“鹰牌”判定为近似商标。2.英文的复数、不同时态、不同词性之间，判定为近似商标。这个比较容易理解，不再举例说明。3.英文的组合商标，其中一部分有含义，整体无含义，视为无含义的英文，无需翻译。如: ”xpanda““pande”译为“熊猫”，“xpanda”无含义，则不翻译，近似判定标准参照无含义的英文审查标准。因为字体设计而使商标整体发生变化，突出某一部分的情况除外。如：”Xpanda““x”大写，把商标分成了两个部分，此时应检索中文“熊猫”、英文“xpande”“pande”，若“x”有设计，还需检索字头“x”。4.几个有含义英文组合为一个英文单词的审查标准几个有含义的英文组合起来，交换顺序，80%以上的审查员会判定为近似商标。如：”HAWKWOLF“与”WOLFHAWK“（HAWK译为“鹰”，WOLF译为“狼）因为商标局设定的英文检索算法中，对空格没有设定忽略不计，也就是说，英文检索时，增减空格，检索结果会有不同。所以在检索此类型英文商标时，应增加空格多检索一遍，以“hawkwolf”为例，应检索汉字“鹰狼”，英文“hawkwolf”、“hawk wolf”。如果几个有含义的英文组合在一起之后的中文含义不是常用词组，并且整体无明显差别，一般会判定为近似商标。如：“SUNMIGHT”与“SUNLIGHT”(前者译为“太阳力量”；后者译为“阳光”)虽然都有含义，但中文含义不是常用词组，属于生硬的拼凑，容易使消费者混淆，判定为近似商标。而如果这两个商标稍作变化，增加一个空格，则变为了两个词组，60%的审查员会判定为不近似。即：“SUN MIGHT”与“SUN LIGHT”如果再做变化，使这两个词更像是两个部分，那么判定结果为不近似的概率会上升至80%，如：”Sun Might“与“Sun Light”（80%的审查员判定为不近似。）