高中英语语法从句

名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,其功同名词一样. 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾. 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化.而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that.被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 (2) it is ＋形容词＋从句 (3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句 (4) it ＋过去分词＋从句 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首. (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前. (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前. (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前. (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前. 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语．宾语．表语,而that 则不然. 定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句,由关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that）或关系副词（as, when, where, why）等引导.关系词除了起引导作用外,还在从句中指代前面的先行词,并在从句中担任一定的成分. 一、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言,可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句.限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号,表示对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开,是对先行词进行补充说明,相当于并列句.如： He is the man who has strong personality. 他是个个性很强的人.（限定性定语从句） My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在国外工作,他下周将回来.（非限定性定语从句） 注：1. 非限定性定语从句不能用that来引导,一般用which,as或who（指人）.用which或as引导时,既可以修饰主句的部分内容,也可修饰主句的全部内容.如： He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. （which指代整个主句,在从句中作主语） 2. as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前.如： As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth. The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's life greatly. 3. 在限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时可以省略；但在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时不能省略.如： The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去) She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去) 二、通常只用关系代词that,不用 which,who或whom的几种情况 1. 当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等时.如： All that you want are here. 2. 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修饰时.如： There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes. 3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时.如： This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4. 当出现两个或两个以上的先行词,并同时兼指人和物时.如： We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited. 5. 当主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时.如： Who is the person that is standing over there? 6. 当定语从句为there be 句型时,关系代词只能用that,但经常可以省略.如： I know the difference (that) there is between you. 7. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时,常用that.如： He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和过去不一样了. 三、as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句 as 引导定语从句时,可指人也可指物,通常与the same,such,so等连用,形式为：the same… as,such… as,as …as,so… as.As在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等.如： She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样.(as代替事,作宾语) I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣的书.(as代替物,作主语) 注：the same… as 和the same… that的用法不同.as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”,指同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”,指同一事物.如： This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样.（类似的笔） This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支.（同一支笔） 四、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 在“介词+which/whom”结构中,介词的选择取决于三种情况： 1．定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配.如： This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking. 2．先行词与介词的习惯搭配.如： The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 仪表上显示出这台机器运转的速度. 3．当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which; 否则用其他介词.如： I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 注：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前,如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配,此时需要根据上下文来确定.如：be familiar with/to,compare with/to等. 有时为表意清楚,还可以在关系副词where/ when前加介词from, to等.如： China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. 中国是风筝的故乡,从这里,放风筝的运动传到了日本、韩国、泰国和印度.

相关例句

时间状语从句

常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , not...until

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant( 瞬间，顷刻), immediately , directly(不久，立即), no sooner … than(一...就...), hardly …when(刚一...就...) , scarcely … when(几乎没有……的时候)

I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

直到我成为了一个成年人我才意识到我的母亲是多么的特殊。

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

当约翰在看电视时，他的妻子正在做饭。

The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard.

孩子们一看到守卫就逃走了。

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

还没等我到家就开始下雨了。

Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

每当我听取你的建议的.时候，我就会惹上麻烦。

地点状语从句

常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

一般来说，有工厂的地方空气污染就严重

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

无论你去哪里，你应该努力工作

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.

在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。

They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed.

他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。

You should have put the book where you found it.

你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。

Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.

哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民就得解放。

Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.

有海就有海员。

原因状语从句

常用引导词：because, since, as, for

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.

My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.

我的朋友不喜欢我，因为我又英俊又成功。

Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

既然每个人都到了，让我们开始我们的会议吧。

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

更高的收入税是有害的，因为它或许会阻碍人们努力赚钱。

目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that

特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

老板要求秘书快写函件以便他能在上面签字。

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

为了让后面的学生听得更清楚，老师有意地提高了他的声音。

结果状语从句

常用引导词：so … that, such … that,

特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,

He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

他很早起床以便赶上第一班公共汽车

It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

这是一个好机会，千万不能错过它

To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

他激动到这个程度，以至于他昨晚睡不着

条件状语从句

常用引导词：if, unless,whether(whether...or not)

特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that

We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

如果总统同意，我们将开始我们的项目

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

你一定会成功，只要你继续努力

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

如果没有人反对，我们就在这里开会

让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

老人喜欢游泳，即使天气很恶劣

No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

不论他如何努力，她不会改变她的主意

He won’t listen whatever you may say.

他不会听你说什么

比较状语从句

常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A to B is what/as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

她和她妈妈一样脾气很坏

The house is three times as big as ours.

这房子是我们的三倍大

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

你运动的越多，你就越健康

Food is to men what oil is to machine.

食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, as if, how

特殊引导词：the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do.

入国问禁，入乡随俗

She behaved as if she were the boss.

她表现得就好像她是老板

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

有时，我们用父母教导我们的方式教导我们的孩子